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Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral body function

A

resist compressive load

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2
Q

Vertebral pedicle function

A

Transmit the bending forces from the posterior elements to the vertebral body

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3
Q

Vertebral lamina function

A

Transmit forces from the articular, transverse and spinous processes to the pedicles

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4
Q

Vertebral transverse procress function

A

Serve as muscle attachment and provide mechanical lever

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5
Q

Vertebral spinous process function

A

Serve as muscle attachment and provide mechanical lever; may also serve as bony block to motion

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6
Q

Vertebral foramen function

A

Combined with all segments, forms a passage and protection for the spinal cord

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7
Q

what does an intervertebral disc consist of?

A
  1. nucleus pulposus
  2. anulus fibrous
  3. vertebral end plate
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8
Q

what is the nucleus pulpous?

A
  • “Pulp-like gel”
  • 70-90% water
  • jelly part of intervertebral disc
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9
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis?

A
  • Fibrous outer ring
  • 60-70% water
  • Collagen and elastin arranged in 15 to 25 concentric layers
  • Fibers oriented 65° from vertical
  • band portion of intervertebral disc
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10
Q

what is the vertebral end plate

A
  • Cartilaginous layer covering superior and inferior surfaces of the disc
  • 0.6 to 1 mm of cartilage in adults, larger in children
  • Strongly attached to annulus fibrosis but not the vertebral body
  • can be apart of the bone
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11
Q

how much of force is transmitted through intervertebral disc?

A

80%

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12
Q

what in the intervertebral disc is capable of resisting distraction, shear, and torsion

A

anulus fibrosis

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13
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits extension

- reinforces anterolateral portion of annulus fibrosis and anterior aspect of intervertebral joints

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14
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits forward flexion

- reinforces posterior portion of anulus fibrosis

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15
Q

ligamentum flavum function

A

limits forward flexion

- particularly in lumbar area

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16
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

limits forward flexion

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17
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

limits forward flexion

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18
Q

intertransverse ligaments

A

limits contralateral lateral flexion

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19
Q

what is coupling

A

consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis

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20
Q

coupling patterns vary based on…

A
  1. spinal structure
  2. spinal curvature
  3. orientation of articulating facets
  4. fluidity/elasticity/thickness of the disc
  5. extensibility of the muscles, ligaments, joint capsules
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21
Q

what do the inter body joints do

A
  1. determine magnitude of movement
  2. distribute load
  3. create space for movement and passage of spinal nerve roots
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22
Q

what do facet joints do

A
  1. determine direction of movement

2. influenced by geometry, height, and spatial disorientation

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23
Q

vertebral flexion is…

A

anterior tilt and anterior glide of superior vertebra

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24
Q

vertebral flexion results in ..

A
  • widening of intervertebral foramen

- separation of spinous processes

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25
Q

vertebral extension is…

A

posterior tilt and posterior glide of superior vertebra

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26
Q

vertebral extension results in…

A
  • narrowing of intervertebral foramen

- spinous processes approximate

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27
Q

vertebral lateral flexion is…

A

lateral tilt, rotation and translation of superior vertebra over inferior vertebra

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28
Q

vertebral lateral flexion results in…

A
  • widening of intervertebral foramen on contralateral side

- narrowing on ipsilateral side

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29
Q

vertebral rotation

A
  • varies by region
  • rotation of inter body joint
  • approximation/distraction at facet joint
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30
Q

what are the upper cervical vertebra

A
  1. occiput
  2. atlas
  3. axis
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31
Q

what are the lower cervical vertebra

A

C3-C7

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32
Q

atypical cervical vertebrae

A
  1. atlas
  2. axis
  3. C7
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33
Q

what is the function of the atlas

A
  1. cradles occiput

2. transmits forces from occiput to C-spine

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34
Q

what is the function of the axis

A
  1. transmits combined load of head/atlas to C-spine

2. provides axial rotation of head/atlas

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35
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

between convex occipital condyles with concave superior facets of atlas
- synovial

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36
Q

antlanto-axial joint

A

between dens and anterior arch of atlas/transverse ligament
- synovial

AND

between inferior facets of atlas wit superior facts of axis

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37
Q

posterior Atlanto-occpital membrane continues to be..

A

ligamentum flavum

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38
Q

posterior Atlanto-axial membrane continues to be…

A

ligmentum flavum

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39
Q

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane continues to be…

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

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40
Q

tectorial membrane continues to be…

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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41
Q

ligamentum nuchae continues to be…

A

supraspinous ligament

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42
Q

transverse atlanto ligament function

A

to prevent anterior displacement of C1 on C2

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43
Q

alar ligament function

A

limit lateral flexion and prevent distraction of C1 on C2

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44
Q

how are the cervical facet joints oriented

A

45 degrees off frontal and transverse planes

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45
Q

Describe what happens in the upper and lower cervical spine with protraction

A

upper cervical extension, lower cervical flexion

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46
Q

Describe what happens in the upper and lower cervical spine with retraction.

A

upper cervical flexion, lower cervical extension

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47
Q

what ligament limits rotation of AA joint

A

alar ligaments

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48
Q

what ligaments limits tilting of axis at AA joint with flexion

A

transverse lig

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49
Q

osteology of TMJ

A

condyle of mandible with articular eminence of temporal bone

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50
Q

classification of inferior TMJ

A

simple hinge

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51
Q

classification of superior TMJ

A

functions as a gliding joint

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52
Q

function of lateral TM ligament

A

stabilize lateral portion of capsule

- help guide movement of condyle during opening

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53
Q

function of stylomenadibular ligament

A

weakest of the three ligaments with questioning function

54
Q

function of sphenomandibular ligament

A

swinging hinge that suspends the mandible

55
Q

What is the normal resting position of the TMJ and what muscle maintains that position?

A

o Lips closed and teeth several millimeters away

o Maintained by temporalis muscle

56
Q

which thoracic vertebrae have full costal facets

A

T1, 10, 11, 12

57
Q

what articulation makes up the costotransverse articulation at T1 - T6

A

concave coastal facet of transverse process

WITH

convex costal tubercle of rib

58
Q

what are some causes of hyperkyphosis

A
  1. trauma
  2. abnormal growth/development of vertebrae
  3. severe DDD
  4. marked osteoporosis
59
Q

define functional scoliosis

A

caused by muscle shortening

60
Q

define structural scoliosis

A

not muscular, structural

61
Q

what structures resist shearing force in the lumbosacral angle

A

Intervertebral disc, facet joint capsules, ALL and iliolumbar ligaments

62
Q

where does spondylolisthesis occur?

A

most commonly at L5/S1 secondary to angulation of this segment

63
Q

anterior SI joint

type

A

synovial joint with articular surfaces

64
Q

posterior SI joint

type

A

syndesmosis with tuberosities

65
Q

List and describe the 4 ways to reduce force required of the lumbar extensors when lifting.

A

o Reduce velocity of lifting
o Reduce magnitude of external load
o Reduce length of EMA
o Increase length of IMA

66
Q

define nutation

A

sacral promontory moves anteriorly and inferiorly and sacral apex moves posteriorly and superiorly

  • occurs by anterior sacral-on-iliac rotation, posterior iliac- on-sacral rotation

standing

67
Q

define counternutation

A

sacral promontory moves posteriorly and superiorly and sacral apex moves anteriorly

  • Occurs by posterior sacral-on-iliac rotation, anterior iliac- on-sacral rotation

laying down

68
Q

define anterior pelvic tilt

A

ASIS and pubic symphysis move inferiorly

69
Q

define posterior pelvic tilt

A

ASIS and pubic symphysis move superiorly

70
Q

what is the primary function of lumbar spine

A

to provide support for weight of the upper body

  • designed to withstand compressive loads applied with muscle contraction
71
Q

what is the primary function of pelvis

A

to transmit force of vertebral column to lower extremities

- relieve stress on pelvic ring created by movement of trunk and lower extremities

72
Q

deine kinematics

A

branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to forces or torques

73
Q

define kinetics

A

branch of the study of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the body

74
Q

define transition motion

A

Linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part of the body

75
Q

define rotation motion

A

Motion in which an assumed rigid body moves in a circular path around some pivot point

measured in degrees or radians

76
Q

what is the convex-concave relationship

A
  1. improves joint congruency
  2. increases surface area for dissipating contact forces
  3. helps guide motion between bone
77
Q

define roll

A

multiple points on multiple poitns

78
Q

define slide

A

single point on multiple poitns

79
Q

spin

A

single point on single point

80
Q

_____ directs the osteokinematic path

A

roll

81
Q

define force

A

push or pull that produces, arrests or modifies movement

82
Q

define load

A

force that acts on body

83
Q

what regions make up the elastic region of stress strain curve

A

toe and linear

84
Q

what is the toe region of stress strain curve

A

area that must be drawn taut before tension is measured

85
Q

what is the linear region of stress strain curve

A

after slack is taken up; linear relationship between stress and strain

86
Q

what makes up the plastic region of stress-strain curve

A

yield point, ultimate failure point

87
Q

what is the yield point

A

elongation occurs

beyond physiologic range

88
Q

what is the ultimate failure point

A

point where tissue is partially or completely separated (failure point for healthy tendon 8-13% beyond prestreched length)

89
Q

define viscosity

A

resistance to flow
(depends on proteoglycans and water composition of the tissue)

  • Tissues with high viscosity=high resistance to deformation
90
Q

define elasticity

A

ability to return to original length or shape after removal of deforming load (depends on collagen and elastic content as well as organization of the tissue)

91
Q

what are first class levers designed for

A

balance

ex. head and neck extensor muscles

92
Q

what are second class levers designed for

A

power

  • calf producing torque to stand on tiptoes
93
Q

what are third class levers designed for

A

speed and distance

most common
ex. elbow flexors

94
Q

what is a force couple

A
  • synergist

- 2 or more muscles simultaneously produce force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same direction

95
Q

steepness of the passive length-tension curve depends on…

A
  • muscle architecture

- amount and type of supporting CT

96
Q

passive tension serves to…

A

stabilize or move a joint

97
Q

what is the force-time relationship

A
  • The force generated by a muscle is proportional to the contraction time
  • The greater the contraction time the greater the force up to maximum contraction
98
Q

what are the components of CT

A
  1. fibrous proteins
  2. ground substance
  3. cells
99
Q

what is a contractile protein

A

it shortens the muscle fiber and generates active force

- actin and myosin

100
Q

what is the purpose of non-contractile proteins

A
  1. support the structure of muscle fiber
  2. titin: provides passive tension
  3. desmin: stabilizes alignment of adjacent sarcomers
101
Q

what are the extracellular CT in muscles?

A

collagen and elastin

102
Q

what is a fusiform muscle

A

has parallel fibers attaching to central tendon

  • longer
  • greater ROM
103
Q

what is a pennate muscle

A

oblique fibers approach central tendon

  • shorter
  • greater force production
104
Q

define synergist

A

muscles that COOPERATE during the execution of a particular movement

105
Q

define agonist

A

most directly related to initation and execution of a particular movement

106
Q

what is the advantage of an isokinetic movement?

A

allows the ability to adjust resistance throughout ROM of the muscle to account for stronger/weaker areas

107
Q

what can passive tension be attributed to?

A

elastic forces produced by non-contractile elements

108
Q

what are the components ALWAYS found in a synovial joint?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. articular capsule
  3. synovial membrane
  4. synovial fluid
  5. ligaments
  6. blood vessels
  7. sensory nerves
109
Q

what is the articular cartilage of a synovial joint?

A

covers articular surfaces

110
Q

what is the articular capsule of a synovial joint?

A

composed of CT that encloses the joint

  • fibrous layer
  • synovial layer or membrane
111
Q

what is the synovial membrane e of a synovial joint?

A

internal layer of articular cartilage

112
Q

what is the synovial fluid of a synovial joint?

A

produced by cells within synovial membrane

- coats surfaces of joints to decrease friction and provide nourishment

113
Q

what is the purpose of ligaments within a synovial joint?

A

to protect from excessive movement

114
Q

what things are SOMETIMES found in a synovial joint?

A
  1. intra-articular discs
  2. peripheral labrum
  3. fat pads
  4. bursa
  5. synovial plica
115
Q

what is the primary function of dense connective tissue?

A

to resist tension

116
Q

what is the primary function of articular cartilage

A

to distribute and absorb joint forces and reduces joint friction

117
Q

primary function of fibrocartilage

A

supports and mechanically stabilizes joints, dissipates loads and guides complex arthrokinematics

118
Q

what is the primary function of bone

A

rigid support to the body and systems of levers for muscles

119
Q

newtons first law :

A

law of inertia

120
Q

define newtons first law

A

a body remains at rest or at a constant angular velocity around an axis of rotation unless compelled by an external torque to change its state

121
Q

where does the center of mass lie in a human

A

anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra

122
Q

what is the relationship between the mass moment of inertia and angular velocity

A

a decreased mass moment of inertia will increase angular velocity

123
Q

newtons second law :

A

law of acceleration

124
Q

define newtons second law

A

The angular acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the torque causing it, take places in the same rotary direction in which the torque acts and is inversely proportional to the mass moment of inertia of the body

125
Q

newtons 3rd law :

A

law of action-reaction

126
Q

define newtons 3rd law

A

for every torque there is an equal and opposite directed torque

127
Q

what is an electrogoniometer

A

measures joint angular rotation during a movement

128
Q

what is an accelerometer

A

measures acceleration fo either individual segment or whole body

129
Q

TMJ disc displacement with reduction

A

click during mandibular depression and elevation

- reciprocal click

130
Q

disc displacement without reduction

A

disc does not relocate due to mechanical obstruction

- only one click

131
Q

the later the click occurs in opening phase…

A

the greater the degree of dislocation

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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