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Kinesiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what joints make up the shoulder complex?

A
  1. sternoclavicular
  2. acromioclavicular
  3. glenohumeral
  4. scapulothoracic
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2
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular

A

saddle joint

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3
Q

what does the sternoclavicular joint look like at rest?

A

joint space is wedge shaped and open superiorly

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4
Q

what does the sternoclavicular disc do?

A
  1. creates two joint spaces
  2. increases joint congruency
  3. absorbs forces
  4. helps limit medial movement of clavicle
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5
Q

osteokinematics of sternoclavicular joint

A
  1. elevation/depression
  2. protraction/retraction
  3. anterior/posterior rotation
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6
Q

in elevation/depression the SC joint moves….

A

convex on concave

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7
Q

elevation of SC joint is

A

superior roll, inferior glide

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8
Q

depression of SC joint is

A

inferior roll, superior glide

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9
Q

in protraction/retraction the SC joint moves….

A

concave on convex

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10
Q

protraction of SC joint is..

A

anterior roll and glide

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11
Q

retraction of SC joint is

A

posterior roll and glide

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12
Q

arthrokinematics of posterior rotation of SC joint

A

the inferior surface turns anteriorly

- also called backward rotation

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13
Q

arthrokinematics of anterior rotation of SC joint

A

inferior surface returns to inferior position

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14
Q

closed pack position of SC joint

A

full posterior rotation

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15
Q

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint

A

plane synovial

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16
Q

what is the primary function of the AC joint

A

to allow the scapula to rotate during arm movement

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17
Q

what are the osteokinematics of the AC joint

A
  1. internal/external rotation
  2. anterior/posteror tilting (tipping)
  3. upward/downward rotation
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18
Q

what is the plane of the scapula

A

35 degrees off of the frontal

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19
Q

what does internal/external rotation of the AC joint help with?

A

helps to maintain contact of scapula on curved thorax during protraction and retraction of clavicle

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20
Q

what does anterior/posterior tilting of the AC joint help with?

A

helps to maintain contact of scapula on curved thorax during elevation and depression of clavicle

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21
Q

upward rotation of AC joint is associated with..

A

scapula swings upwardly and outwardly

- component of abduction and flexion

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22
Q

what is the closed pack position of the AC joint

A

full upward rotation (in flexion or abduction)

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23
Q

what are the primary movements of the scapulothoracic joint

A
  1. elevation/depression
  2. protraction/retraction
  3. upward/downward rotation
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24
Q

what are the secondary movements of the scapulothoracic joint

A
  1. anterior/posterior tilting

2. internal/external rotation

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25
Q

what is the combined motion of elevation of the scapulothoracic joint?

A

combined motion of SC joint elevation and AC joint downward rotation
- shoulder shrug

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26
Q

what is protraction of the scapulothoracic joint

A

combination of SC joint protraction and slight AC joint IR

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27
Q

what is upward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint

A

summation of SC joint elevation and AC joint upward rotation

  • observed during flexion/abduction
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28
Q

what is the GH angle of inclination

A

130-150 degrees in frontal plane

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29
Q

what is angle of torsion for GH joint

A

30 degrees posterior in transverse plane

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30
Q

retroversion of GH

A
  • same as angle of torsion

- posterior orientation of humeral head with regards to condyles

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31
Q

increased humeral retroversion is associated with…

A

increased ER ROM and reduced IR ROM

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32
Q

glenoid labrum

A

enhances concavity and increases articular surface

- attachment for GH ligaments and tendon of biceps long head

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33
Q

GH joint capsule

A
  • inf portion is slack in adducted position creating an axillary pouch
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34
Q

tightness in posterior shoulder capsule would result in…

A

increased anterior humeral head translation which will decrease the subacromial space

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35
Q

what are the ligaments of the GH joint

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior GH lig
  4. coracohumeral lig
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36
Q

what does the superior GH ligament do

A

limits ER and anterior and inferior translation at 0 degrees of abduction

  • slackens when abducted beyond 35-45 degrees
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37
Q

what does the middle GH ligament do

A

limits anterior translation from 45-90 degree abduction and extremes of external rotation

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38
Q

what does the inferior GH ligament do

A

primary stabilizer beyond 45 degrees of abduction or with combined abduction and rotation

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39
Q

what are the components of the inferior GH ligament

A
  1. anterior band
  2. posterior band
  3. axilarry pouch
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40
Q

what does the coracohumeral ligament do

A

limits inferior translation and ER of humeral head with the arm in dependent position

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41
Q

what 2 areas foes the rotator cuff not reinforce

A
  1. inferiorly

2. region between subs cap and supraspinatus

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42
Q

arthrokinematics of GH flexion

A

superior roll, inferior glide

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43
Q

arthrokinematics of GH extension

A

inferior roll, superior glide

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44
Q

arthrokinematics of GH adduction

A

inferior roll, superior glide

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45
Q

arthrokinematics of GH abduction

A

superior roll, inferior glide

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46
Q

arthrokinematics of GH ER

A

posterior roll, anterior glide

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47
Q

arthrokinematics of GH IR

A

anterior roll, posterior glide

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48
Q

closed pack position of GH

A

90 degrees abducted and full ER or full abduction and ER

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49
Q

capsular pattern of GH

A

external rotation > abduction > IR

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50
Q

what is scapulohumeral rhythm

A

ratio of 2 degrees of GH to 1 degree of scapular motion

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51
Q

when the rhomboids and lower trap act together…

A

results in pure retraction

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52
Q

what is the force couple for upward rotation?

A

serrates anterior
upper trap
lower trap

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53
Q

what are the aspects of the joint capsule of the elbow complex

A
  • weak anteriorly and posteriorly

- fat pads are located between the capsule

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54
Q

what is the carrying angle

A

medial portion of the trochlea projects more distally than the lateral portion

  • combo of shoulder ER, elbow extension and forearm supination
  • angle varies from 8-15 degrees
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55
Q

what does the lateral collateral ligament do

A

stabilizes agents varus torque and combined varus and supination torques

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56
Q

arthrokinematics of elbow flexion

A

roll anterior, slide anterior

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57
Q

arthrokinematics of elbow extension

A

roll posterior, slide posterior

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58
Q

closed pack humeroulnar

A

full extension and supination

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59
Q

closed pack humeroradial

A

90 degrees elbow flexion and 5 degree supination

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60
Q

open pack humeroulnar

A

flexed 70, supinated 10

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61
Q

open pack humeroradial

A

full extension and supination

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62
Q

elbow capsular pattern

A

flexion > extension

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63
Q

in a closed pack position moving into pronation requires what..`

A

requires ER of the humerus and ulna

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64
Q

what is the closed pack position of the proximal radioulnar joint

A

5 deg of supination

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65
Q

what is the open pack position of the proximal radioulnar joint

A

70 deg of flexion, 35 deg of supination

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66
Q

capsular pattern of proximal radioulnar joint

A

supination = pronation

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67
Q

closed pack position of distal radioulnar joint

A

5 deg of supination

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68
Q

open pack position of distal radioulnar joint

A

10 deg of supination

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69
Q

capsular pattern of distal radioulnar joint

A

supination = pronation

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70
Q

what is the law of parsimony

A

nervous system tends to activate the fewest muscles or muscle fibers possible for the control of a given joint action

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71
Q

what is the goal of the law of parsimony?

A

energy efficiency

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72
Q

what joints make up the wrist/hand

A
  1. distal radioulnar
  2. radiocarplal, midcarpal
  3. carpometacarpal
  4. metacarpal
  5. interphalangeal
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73
Q

what is the wrist joint

A

condyloid

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74
Q

how many tendons go through the carpal tunnel

A

9

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75
Q

arthrokinematics of wrist flexion

A

anterior roll, posterior glide

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76
Q

arthrokinematics of wrist extension

A

posterior roll, anterior glide

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77
Q

arthrokinematics of wrist radial deviation

A

lateral roll, medial glide

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78
Q

arthrokinematics of ulnar deviation

A

medial roll, lateral glide

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79
Q

closed pack position of the wrist

A

full extension w radial deviation

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80
Q

open pack position of the wrist

A

neutral flexion/extension with slight ulnar deviation

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81
Q

capsular pattern

A

flexion = extension, slight radial and ulnar deviation

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82
Q

at what position is max grip?

A

30 degrees of extension

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83
Q

which wrist flexor is the strongest?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

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84
Q

where is peak wrist flexion torque

A

40 degrees of wrist flexion

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85
Q

what is active wrist extension typically coupled with?

A

active radial deviation

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86
Q

what do the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments do?

A

stabilize the thumb

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87
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of thumb abduction

A

anterior roll, posterior glide

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88
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of thumb adduction

A

posterior roll, anterior glide

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89
Q

what is moving on what in thumb abduction/adduction

A

convex articular surface of thumb metacarpal moving on concave trapezium

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90
Q

what is moving on what in thumb flexion/extension

A

concave surface of metacarpal moving on convex diameter of trapezium

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91
Q

what is moving on what in thumb flexion

A

medial roll and glide

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92
Q

what is moving on what in thumb extension

A

lateral roll and glide

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93
Q

what makes up thumb opposition

A

abduction, flexion, IR

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94
Q

what is moving on what in thumb reposition

A

adduction, extension, ER

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95
Q

what is the closed pack position of the 1st CMC joint

A

full opposition

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96
Q

what is the open pack position of the 1st CMC joint

A

mid flexion/extension and mid abduction/adduction

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97
Q

what is the closed pack position of the 2nd-5th CMC joint

A

full flexion

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98
Q

what is the open pack position of the 2nd - 5th CMC joints

A

mid flexion/extension

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99
Q

what is the capsular pattern of 1st CMC joint

A

abduction

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100
Q

what type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints

A

condyloid

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101
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of MCP flexion

A

anterior roll and glide

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102
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of MCP extension

A

posterior roll and glide

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103
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of MCP abduction

A

roll and glide away from 3rd digit

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104
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of MCP adduction

A

roll and glide toward 3rd digit

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105
Q

what is the closed pack position of the MCP

A

full flexion

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106
Q

what is the open pack position of the MCP

A

slight flexion

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107
Q

what is the capsular pattern pattern

A

flexion = extension

108
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of IP flexion

A

roll palmar, slide palmar

109
Q

what are the arthrokinematics of IP extension

A

roll dorsal, slide dorsal

110
Q

what is the closed pack position of the IP joints

A

full extension

111
Q

what is the open pack position of the IP joints

A

slight flexion

112
Q

what is the capsular pattern of the IP joints

A

flexion = extension

113
Q

what is the most prominent feature of the extensor mechanism

A

dorsal hood

114
Q

how is the neck of the femur angulated?

A

so it faces medially, superiorly, and anteriorly with respect to femoral shaft and distal femoral condyles

115
Q

what is the normal range for the angle of inclination

A

110 to 144

most about 125

116
Q

what is the angle of inclination

A

between axis through femoral head/neck and longitudinal axis of femoral shaft

117
Q

define coxa valga

A

> 125 degrees of angle of inclincation

118
Q

define coxa vara

A

< 125 degrees of angle of inclination

119
Q

what is the goal of the angle of inclination?

A

serves to optimize joint surface alignment

120
Q

slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)

A

coxa vara + high BMI

121
Q

what is the angle of torsion

A

between axis through femoral head/neck and the distal femoral condyles

122
Q

what plane does the angle of torsion occur in

A

transverse plane

123
Q

angle of torsion norms

A

8-20

15 deg is optimal

124
Q

excessive anteversion of hip

A

increased angle of torsion

  • associated with increased hip IR and decreased ER
  • typically associated with coxa valga
  • instability
125
Q

retroversion of hip

A

decreased angle of torsion

  • associated with increased hip ER and decreased IR
  • may cause impingement
126
Q

what is the center edge angle

A

measurement of acetabular depth

127
Q

what is anteversion of the hip

A

extent to which acetabulum faces anteriorly

128
Q

what is a Cam deformity

A

extra bone at anterior-superior region of femoral head and neck
- impingement
(maximized impingement with IR and flexion)

129
Q

what is a Pincer deformity

A

abnormal bony extension of anterior-lateral rim of acetabulum

130
Q

what is the hip’s position of maximal congruency in a non-weight bearing position

A

flexion, abduction, slight ER

131
Q

in the bending moment of the hip
superiorly _____ force
inferiorly _____ force

A

superiorly: tensile force
inferiorly: compressive force

132
Q

where is the hip capsule thick versus thin

A

thickened anterosuperiorly

thin posteroinferiorly

133
Q

iliofemoral ligament

A

provides anterior stability

- Controls internal and external rotation

134
Q

pubofemoral ligament

A

controls external rotation in extension

135
Q

ischiofemoral ligament

A

primary restraint to internal rotation

- All tighten with hyperextension

136
Q

transverse acetabular ligament

A

part of the labrum, no cartilage cells, protects blood vessels

137
Q

acetabular labrum

A

wedge shaped, deepens concavity. Acts to seal maintain negative intra-articular pressure

138
Q

ligamentum teres

A

Conduit for blood supply to the femoral head, excessive ER can strain/potentially tear

139
Q

arthrokinematics OKC of hip flexion

A

superior roll and inferior glide

140
Q

arthrokinematics OKC of hip extension

A

inferior roll and superior glide

141
Q

arthrokinematics OKC of hip abduction

A

superior roll and inferior glide

142
Q

arthrokinematics OKC of hip adduction

A

inferior roll and superior glide

143
Q

arthrokinematics OKC of hip IR

A

medial roll and lateral glide

144
Q

arthrokinematics OKC of hip ER

A

lateral roll, medial glide

145
Q

arthrokinematics CKC anterior tilt

A

anterior roll and slide

146
Q

arthrokinematics CKC posterior tilt

A

posterior roll and slide

147
Q

in bilateral stance the pelvis can only…

A

drop

148
Q

arthrokinematics CKC hip abduction

A

superior roll and slide

149
Q

arthrokinematics CKC hip adduction

A

inferior roll and slide

150
Q

what plane does forward/backward rotation occur in

A

transverse

151
Q

arthrokinematics CKC hip forward rotation

A

anterior roll and slide

152
Q

arthrokinematics CKC hip backward rotation

A

posterior roll and slide

153
Q

what is the closed pack position of the hip

A

full extension with slight IR and abduction

154
Q

what is the open pack position of the hip

A

moderate flexion, slight abduction, neutral rotation

155
Q

what is the capsular pattern of the hip?

A

IR = flexion = abduction

156
Q

what works together to produce anterior pelvic tilt (pelvic on femoral flexion)

A

hip flexors and low back extensors

157
Q

what works together to produce posterior pelvic tilt (pelvic on femoral extension)

A

hip extensors and abdominal muscles

158
Q

in the sagittal plane, hip adductor longus does…

A

when hip flexed, will contribute to extension

when hip extended, will contribute to flexion

159
Q

what is trendelenburg sign

A

visualized weakness of glute medius in single leg stance

160
Q

what is genu valgum

A

less than 165 deg

“knock knees

161
Q

what is genu varum

A

greater than 180 deg

“bow legged”

162
Q

what is the q-angle

A

line connecting ASIS to middle of patella and line connecting tibial tuberosity to middle of patella

163
Q

what is the normal q-angle

A

13-15 deg

164
Q

what are the functions of the meniscus

A

o Distribute weight bearing forces
o Increase joint congruence
o Shock absorption

165
Q

what connects to the medial meniscus

A

MCL, ACL, PCL, semimembranosus

166
Q

what connects to the lateral meniscus

A

ACL, PCL, popliteus

167
Q

what is the MOI for meniscus

A

axial rotation of condyles over flexed and weight-bearing knee

168
Q

what is the function of menisci

A

increases contact area and reduces joint stress

169
Q

ACL function

A

primary restraint to anterior translation of tibia on femur

170
Q

PCL function

A

resists posterior translation of tibia on femur

171
Q

MCL function

A

resists valgus forces and lateral tibia rotation

172
Q

LCL function

A

resists varus stresses

173
Q

iliotibial tract function

A

assists ACL in resisting anterior translation of tibia on femur

174
Q

what are the arthorokinematics of the knee in OKC flexion

A

posterior roll and glide

175
Q

what are the arthorokinematics of the knee in OKC extension

A

anterior roll and glide

176
Q

what are the arthorokinematics of the knee in CKC flexion

A

posterior roll, anterior glide

177
Q

what are the arthorokinematics of the knee in CKC extension

A

anterior roll, posterior glide

178
Q

what is the screw home mechanism

A

need 10 deg ER with terminal extension (valgus)

the knee must unlock with popliteus prior to preforming flexion (varus)

179
Q

what is the closed pack position of the tibiofemoral joint

A

full extension

180
Q

what is the open pack position of the tibiofemoral

A

25 deg of flexion

181
Q

what is the capsular pattern of the tibiofemoral joint

A

flexion&raquo_space; extension

182
Q

what is patellofemoral pain syndrome

A

abnormal tracking of patella

183
Q

what is the function of the patella

A

acts as a spacer between the femur and quad

184
Q

what is the talocrural joint

A

distal tibia fib + talus

185
Q

what is the subtalar joint

A

talocalcaneal joint

186
Q

what makes up the transverse tarsal joint

A

talonavicular and calcaneocuboid

187
Q

what makes up the hindfoot

A
  1. talus

2. calcaneus

188
Q

what makes up the midfoot

A
  1. navicular
  2. cuboid
  3. 3 cuneiform bones
189
Q

what makes up the forefoot

A
  1. metatarsals

2. phalanges

190
Q

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint

A

plane synovial

191
Q

what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint

A

synarthrosis

192
Q

what is the closed pack position of the tibiofibular joint

A

weight bearing dorsiflexion

- point of greatest ligamentous tension

193
Q

what motions go along with foot/ankle pronation

A
  1. eversion
  2. abduction
  3. dorsiflexion
194
Q

what motions go along with foot/ankle supination

A
  1. inversion
  2. adduction
  3. plantar flexion
195
Q

what type of joint is the talocrual joint

A

hinge

196
Q

function of the medial collateral (deltoid) ligament

A

helps to limit eversion/pronation

- Very strong

197
Q

function of the lateral collateral ligament

A

helps to limit inversion/supination

- Weaker and more susceptible to injury

198
Q

what is the main motion of the talcrual joint

A

dorsi and plantar flexion

199
Q

what are the arthokinematics of talocrural dorsiflexion

A

anterior roll, posterior glide

200
Q

what are the arthokinematics of talocrural plantarflexion

A

posterior roll, anterior slide

201
Q

what is the closed pack position of the talocrural joint

A

weight bearing dorsiflexion

202
Q

what is the open pack position of the talocrural joint

A

10 deg of plantarflexion with neutral inversion/eversion

203
Q

what is the capsular pattern of the talocrural joint

A

plantarflexion > dorsiflexion

204
Q

what type of joint is the subtalar joint

A

three ovoid synovial joint

205
Q

what are the main motions of the subtalar joint

A

inversion/eversion

adduction/abduction

206
Q

supination of foot in weight bearing motions

A

calcaneous inverts

talus abductions and dorsiflexes

207
Q

pronation of foot in weight bearing

A

calcaneous everts

talus adducts and plantarflexes

208
Q

supination of foot in non-weight bearing

A

calcaneous inverts, adducts, plantarflexes

209
Q

pronation of foot in non-weight bearing

A

cancaneous everts, abducts, dorsiflexes

210
Q

what is the closed pack position of the subtalar joint

A

full inversion

211
Q

what is the open pack position of the subtalar joint

A

mid inversion/eversion and mid plantarflexion/dorsiflexion

212
Q

what type of joint is the transverse tarsal joint

A

modified ovid

213
Q

what is the function of the transverse tarsal joint in open chain

A

add to the subtalar range

214
Q

what is the function of the transverse tarsal joint in closed chain

A

compensate at the forefoot for hind foot pronation

215
Q

what is the closed pack position of the transverse tarsal joint

A

supination

216
Q

what is the open pack position of the transverse tarsal joint

A

mid range of supination/pronation

217
Q

what is the capsular pattern of the transverse tarsal joint

A

limitations in dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, adduction and IR

218
Q

what is the main function of the transverse tarsal joint

A

functions to regulate position of the forefoot in relation to the weight-bearing surface

  • the tarsometatarsal joint will add to this with end-range subtalar motion
219
Q

what is the supination twist

A

pronation in the hind foot results in supination of the transverse tarsal joint
- if this is not enough the entire foot will supinate

220
Q

what is pronation twise

A

full subtalar supination results in supination of transverse tarsals as well

the forefoot must pronate in order to maintain contact with the ground

221
Q

what is hallux limitus

A

posttraumatic condition, gradual and significant limitation of motion, articular degeneration and pain

  • Most commonly happens with forceful hyperextension
  • Big toe really can’t extend, basically fused
222
Q

what is hallux valgus

A

progressive lateral deviation of great toe (bunion deformity)
- Can lead to lateral dislocation

223
Q

what is the main role of the plantar fascia?

A

o Supports the medial longitudinal arch in weight bearing

224
Q

what is the windlass effect

A

o When PF occurs, contraction lifts calcaneous, body weight is transferred over metatarsal heads, causes extension of metatarsophalangeal joints, winding up of plantar fascia supporting medial, longitudinal arch
o Strengthens the midfoot

225
Q

what is pes planus

A

abnormally dropped medial longitudinal arch

226
Q

what are the implications of pes planus

A
  • This compromises ability to support and dissipate loads

- Requires significant work from extrinsic and intrinsic muscles that may lead to fatigue and overuse symptoms

227
Q

what is the navicular drop test

A

o Measurement of distance between navicular tuberosity and ground in subtalar joint neutral and with relaxed foot posture

  • 7 mm is normal
228
Q

what role does the posterior tibialis muscle play in stance phase of ambulation?

A

o Decelerates pronating foot in loading response
o Results in gradual and controlled lowering of medial longitudinal arch
o Supinates rearfoot in mid to late stance to provide a stable foot for toe of

229
Q

sensory perturbation

A

may be caused by altering visual input

230
Q

mechanical perturbation

A

displacement causing changes in the relationship of body’s CoM to BoS

231
Q

what are fixed support synergies

A

central organized patterns of muscle activity that occur in response to perturbations of standing postures

232
Q

what are ankle synergies

A

discrete burts of muscle activity that occur in a distal-to-proximal pattern

233
Q

what are hip synergies

A

discrete bursts of muscle activity that occur proximally-to-distally

234
Q

define postural sway

A

constant swaying motion due to inertial and gravitational forces

235
Q

define ground reaction force

A

force of the ground pushing back on the body in standing

236
Q

what does GRF represent

A

represents magnitude and direction of loading applied to 1 or both feet

237
Q

define line of gravity

A

line extending from center of gravity to BoS

238
Q

define center of pressure

A

point of application of the GRFV

- located between the feet in bilateral stance

239
Q

large deviations of ideal standing posture will result in..

A
  1. excessive strain on passive structures

2. increased muscular activity

240
Q

long term deviations of ideal standing posture will result in..

A

structural changes

241
Q

ideal standing posture is ______ to the external auditory meatus

A

through

242
Q

ideal standing posture is ______ to the shoulder

A

through

243
Q

ideal standing posture is ______ to the center of the hip joint

A

slightly posterior

244
Q

ideal standing posture is ______ to the axis of the knee joint

A

slightly anterior

245
Q

ideal standing posture is ______ to the lateral malleolus

A

slightly anterior

246
Q

the LoG creates what kind of external moment arm at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion

247
Q

the LoG creates what kind of internal moment arm at the ankle

A

plantarflexion

248
Q

to maintain ideal posture, what contracts at the ankle

A

active contraction of soles with contributions from gastrocnemius
(concentric)
- no passive structures

249
Q

the LoG creates what kind of external moment arm at the knee

A

extension

250
Q

the LoG creates what kind of internal moment arm at the knee

A

flexion

251
Q

to maintain ideal posture, what contracts at the knee

A

active contraction of hamstrings and gastrocnemius

  • some passive tension from capsule and ligaments
252
Q

the LoG creates what kind of external moment arm at the hip

A

extension

253
Q

the LoG creates what kind of internal moment arm at the hip

A

flexion

254
Q

to maintain ideal posture, what contracts at the hip

A

iliopsoas

- passive tension from ligaments of hip

255
Q

the LoG creates what kind of external moment arm at the head and neck

A

flexion of cervical spine

256
Q

the LoG creates what kind of internal moment arm at the head and neck

A

extension of cervical spine

257
Q

to maintain ideal posture, what contracts at the head and neck

A

passive tension from ligaments and facet joint capsules

- active contraction of cervical extensors

258
Q

how much out toeing is normal?

A

8-10 deg

259
Q

where is the plumb line aligned in side view

A

anterior to lateral malleolus

260
Q

what is handedness posture

A
  • dominant shoulder lower
  • pelvis shifts to dominant side
  • dominant hip higher
  • non dom foot more pronated
  • spine deviation to non-dom side
261
Q

excessive anterior pelvic tilt creates what type of moment?

A

increased extension moment

262
Q

in forward head posture where is LoG

A

anterior to cervical joint axes

263
Q

what does forward head posture result in?

A
  • flexion moment

- constant isometric muscle tension to support head

264
Q

what is present during pet planus

A

increase calcanea eversion

265
Q

how are scoliosis diagnosis named?

A

according to direction of convexity and location of the curve

266
Q

excessive genu valgum compresses what?

A

lateral compression and medial tension/distraction

267
Q

excessive genu varum compresses what?

A

medial compression and lateral tension/distraction

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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