exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
how does learning impact us?
A
changes to our nervous system and changes to our behavior
2
Q
what is memory
A
long term changes in the nervous system
3
Q
what are the four stages of memory?
A
encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
4
Q
what is stimulus response learning?
A
performing a specific behavior on the presence of a specific stimulus
5
Q
what are the two types of stimulus response learning?
A
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
6
Q
what is classical conditioning?
A
when a meaning is given to a previously neutral stimulus
7
Q
what are the four main terms associated with classical conditioning?
A
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
8
Q
what is it when a dog salivates to meat?
A
unconditioned response, reflex
9
Q
what is it when a dog salivates to the ring of the bell associated with meat?
A
conditioned response
10
Q
What was Hebb known for?
A
neurons that fire together wire together
11
Q
what is operant conditioning ?
A
an association between stimulus and response
12
Q
what are the four main terms associated with operant conditioning?
A
reinforcement, punishment, positive and negative
13
Q
when we do things that have reinforcements we get what chemical?
A
dopamine
14
Q
what are some examples that give humans dopamine?
A
sex, cocaine, water, and food
15
Q
what is perceptual learning?
A
recognition of stimuli we have seen before like logos
16
Q
what is an example of relational learning?
A
when we hear meow we associate it with cat
17
Q
going from short term memory to long term memory is called what
A
encoding
18
Q
going from long term memory to short term memory is called what
A
retrieval
19
Q
what are the two types of memory in long term memory
A
declarative memory and non-declarative memory
20
Q
what is non declarative memory
A
auto pilot memories, automatic behavior
21
Q
what is declarative memory
A
specific memories
22
Q
episodic and semantic memory are part of what memory
A
declarative memory
23
Q
what is semantic memory
A
stuff learned at school, facts, history
24
Q
what is needed for memories to go from sensory memory to short term memory
A
attention
25
what is amnesia
loss of memories such as facts, information and experiences
26
anterograde refers to
new memories
27
retrograde refers to
old memories
28
what is the most common type of dementia
Alzheimer's disease
29
what is korsakoffs syndrome
memory loss disorder associated with alcoholism
30
what is a stroke
blockage in the brain artery
31
what are seizures
sudden uncontrollable disturbances
32
what is encephalitis
inflammation in the brain
33
who was Henry Molaison?
individual who had epilepsy and had a surgery where they removed a portion of his brain, had memory loss of, however was still had procedural memory
34
what is an example of procedural memory?
tracing a star by the reflection of a mirror
35
what is an example of perceptual learning?
umbrella drawing
36
what is LTP
a synaptic strength between hippocampal neurons associated with memory and learning
37
what is sensitization
increased response to a frequently repeated stimuli
38
what is habituation
decreased response to a frequently repeated stimuli
39
in LTP what is released when action potential is present?
glutamate
40
in LTP what chemical signals for a higher number of AMPA receptors
calcium
41
in LTP what does the increase number of AMPA receptors lead to?
increase in AMPA causes for more sensitivity to glutamate, when more sensitive more likely to be activated
42
what is neuroplasticity
the reorganization or alteration of connections following experiences or following injury
43
what is neurogenesis
growth and development of new neurons
44
what two things are needed to communicate?
something to communicate and motor control
45
what do we communicate?
things that happened, things that are happening, or things that will happen
46
language comprehension has what two areas?
auditory comprehension and visual comprehension
47
what is prosody
everything but words
48
rhythm and cadence is what
how we speak, we all have it
49
pitch is
how low or high our voice is
50
what is phonagnosia
losing the ability to identify a familiar voice
51
spontaneous speech, speech diminished, loss of grammatical structure
broca's aphasia
52
the 3 main deficits of damage to the brocas area?
agrammatism, anomia, articulation difficulties
53
able to perceive and recognize speech but unable to understand auditory words
pure words deafness
54
repeating a similar word or word with same meaning instead
conduction aphasia
55
selective impairment of reading, in the absence of other deficits
pure Alexia
56
difficulty reading, interpreting, letters or symbols
dyslexia
57
what are the 3 subtypes of dyslexia
surface, direct, and phonological
58
difficulty turning thoughts into written language
dysgraphia
59
what is a neurological disorder and what areas does it affect?
something going wrong in the brain, affecting the central and peripheral nervous system
60
what is the most common neurological disorder?
alzheimers
61
what cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
maternal drinking during pregnancy
62
what are the physical effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
characteristic facial features: thing lips, small eye openings, small head etc
63
the central nervous system effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are similar to those of what other condition
ADHD
64
what are the main symptoms of autism?
lack of verbal communication, difficulty w social interactions, restricted or repetitive behaviors, difficult time in school
65
both autism and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can use what treatment
early intervention services that provide help with life skills
66
what is epilepsy
presence of seizures, has to have 2 unprovoked seizures to be diagnosed
67
what are the 2 type of main seizures
general and focal
68
2 types of seizures that are considered as general seizures
absence seizures and tonic-clonic
69
2 types of seizures that are considered as focal seizures
simple focal and complex facial
70
caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury
traumatic brain injury
71
significant and continual cognitive impairment that persist over time, impacting memory, language, and abstract thinking
dementia
72
unable to sound out words or write them phonetically, cannot write unfamiliar words, but CAN imagine and write familiar words
phonological dysgraphia
73
can only sound out words, can write pronounceable nonsense words, can write regular spelled words, but struggles with unusual spelling
orthographic dysgraphia
74
disorder that impairs an individuals writing ability
dysgraphia
75
can read words they are familiar with, cannot sound out words, difficulty reading unfamiliar words, cannot pronounce non-words, people may be excellent readers
phonological dyslexia
76
learning disability that involves difficulty reading
dyslexia
77
can read words out-loud, cannot understand what is being read, nonword pronunciation varies
direct dyslexia
78
deficit in whole word reading, errors related to visual appearance of the words and pronunciation rules, NOT related to errors w meaning of the word, spelling matters, can read nonwords, LISTENS to their reading to understand
surface dyslexia
79
ability to write, recognize words when spelled outloud, CANNOT READ, disorder that prevents information from reaching the visual association cortex
pure Alexia
80
what is the main issue with stuttering?
the initiation of speech and planning of speech
81
meaningful speech, decent comprehension, poor repetition
conduction aphasia
82
disorder that affect the way you communicate, whether that is verbal, written and understanding
aphasia
83
poor language comprehension, PRODUCTION OF MEANINGLESS SPEECH, fluent and unbothered
wernickes aphasia
84
what is it called when you have difficulties pronouncing words?
articulation difficulties
85
when you have difficulty finding words?
anomia
86
when you have difficulty using grammatical constructions
agrammastism
87
a primarily an expressive language impairment meaning it mostly affects speaking and writing
brocas aphasia
88
other than Alzheimers what are other examples of dementia?
Parkinson's disease, AIDS, Huntingtons disease, frontoretmporal dementia,
89
what are the physical symptoms of TBI?
loss or altered conciseness, vomiting, headache, sleep issues, dizziness
90
what are the sensory symptoms of TBI
changes in sensory perception like blurred vision and ringing), sensitivity to light
91
what are the cognitive symptoms of TBI
memory and concentrate issues, mood disturbances
92
what are the 5 types of TBI
direct, rotational, blast TBI, penetrating TBI, crush TBI
93
what are the 2 common types of treatment for epilepsy
medication such as anti-epileptics, and surgical- deep brain stimulation, removal of an area, hemispherectomy
94
type of seizure that alters sensation in part of body and may change sense of smell and taste
simple focal seizures
95
types of seizure that causes confusion, may not be able to respond to questions or follow directions
complex facial expression seizures
96
types of seizure when you lose consciousness, falling, muscle spams
tonic-clonic seizures
97
types of seizure where there is rapid blinking and staring into space while still conscious
absence seizures
98
what are the possible causes of epilepsy?
genetics, traumatic brain injury/tumor/stroke, other disorders like autism
99
what are the types of medications prescribed to individuals with autism?
anticonvulsants to prevent seizures, antidepressants to improve mood, antipsychotics to reduce irritability and hyperactivity
100
what is applied behavioral analysis
program that encourages positive behaviors and discourages negative behaviors
101
what are the CNS effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
motor coordination and balance, learning and memory impairments, attention and reasoning impairments, hyperactivity, swift mood changes
102
what area of the brain is where LTP takes place?
the hippocampus
103
when is a brain is injures it tries to ______ what it loses
compensate
104
what happens when cells in the brain die
there is no regeneration but new pathways with new sequences ares formed around the dead cells
105
where does neurogenesis take place?
hippocampus and olfactory bulbs
106
LTP and LTD are both mechanism of?
neuroplasticity
