exam 4 pt 2

Question 1

failure to fulfill major obligations, physically hazardous situations, legal problems, persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems, tolerance and craving, absence of drug leads to withdrawal effects

Answer 1

common criteria for 12-month period for substance use disorder

Question 2

true or false: rewarding behaviors increase motivation and likelihood to repeat behaviors

Answer 2

true

Question 3

true or false: anticipation of these behaviors does NOT bring rewarding feeling

Answer 3

false

Question 4

anticipation of what 3 things activates the pathway

Answer 4

food, sex, and drug taking

Question 5

behavior > _____> associative learning > ________

Answer 5

motivation; operant conditioning

Question 6

when you add a rewarding stimulus to increase or maintain behavior

Answer 6

positive reinforcement

Question 7

remove aversive stimulus to increase or maintain behavior

Answer 7

negative reinforcement

Question 8

remove rewarding stimulus to decrease behavior

Answer 8

negative punishment

Question 9

add aversive stimulus to decease behavior

Answer 9

positive punishment

Question 10

if an animal is willing to work for a stimulus it is considered

Answer 10

positively reinforcing

Question 11

if an animal is willing to work to remove the aversion, the stimulus is considered

Answer 11

negatively reinforcing

Question 12

individuals may seek drug to alleviate the aversion of withdrawal symptoms which is

Answer 12

negative reinforcement

Question 13

binge and intoxication/ withdrawal and negative affect/ preoccupation and anticipation

Answer 13

George Koob’s stages and perspective of addiction

Question 14

true or false: first few times drug is taken, brain and body are fairly sensitive to drug

Answer 14

true

Question 15

the pharmacological effect or pleasure a drug has on an individual

Answer 15

hedonic effect

Question 16

true or false: hedonic effect is a negative effect

Answer 16

false

Question 17

what is able to initiate dysregulation of dopamine circuitry that progresses through the cycle of addiction

Answer 17

conditioned cues

Question 18

true or false: cues are thought to drive seeking behavior even when the pharmacological effects of the drug have weakened

Answer 18

true

Question 19

cues are important for how we understand what two things regarding drugs?

Answer 19

maintenance and relapse in drug taking behavior

Question 20

what develops once drug taken behavior is maintained

Answer 20

tolerence

Question 21

true or false: once tolerance develops, individual must take more of the drug to achieve the same affect

Answer 21

true

Question 22

during what stage will individual experience withdrawal

Answer 22

withdrawal and negative affect stage

Question 23

what are some symptoms of withdrawal and negative affect

Answer 23

irritability, emotional distress, loss of motivation for “natural” rewards, loss of pleasure in activities, disruption in sleep

Question 24

a combination of what two things will induce a relapse?

Answer 24

physiological abstinence from drug and environmental cues

Question 25

taking drug in attempt to remove withdrawal like symptoms is what

Answer 25

negative reinforcement

Question 26

true or false: stress can be a primer for initial drug intake and primer for relapse

Answer 26

true

Question 27

true or false: individual going through withdrawal is vulnerable to stress intolerance

Answer 27

true

Question 28

true or false: HPA axis can be modified by drug action and withdrawal

Answer 28

true

Question 29

what is the main focus of Robins and Berridge Theory of addiction?

Answer 29

liking vs wanting

Question 30

true or false: associated cues are not natural, but learned

Answer 30

false

Question 31

anticipation of drug, craving, physochological feature amplified by cue association

Answer 31

positive-incentive value

Question 32

what are some examples of associative and conditioned properties of drug use?

Answer 32

time of day drug is used, people involved, drug delivery

Question 33

true or false: associative and conditioned properties of drug use increase positive incentive value of drug taking behavior

Answer 33

true

Question 34

for wanting, what does dopamine primarily involve

Answer 34

nucleus accumbens

Question 35

for wanting, how long can sensitization last for

Answer 35

weeks to years

Question 36

true or false: hedonic 'hotspots' are anatomically tiny, yet neurochemically sensitive regions found nested within different limbic regions

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what happens when hedonic 'hotspots' are stimulated

Answer 37

make sweet flavor more enjoyable

Question 38

what may happen if the hedonic hotspot is lesioned

Answer 38

capable of reversing taste preference, making sweetness become bitter

Question 39

fulfilling goals that affect other individuals and have a broad impact

Answer 39

global frame

Question 40

fulfilling immediate goals that primarily affect the individual

Answer 40

local frame

Question 41

would individuals with addictions have a local or global frame?

Answer 41

local frame

Question 42

why do individuals with addictions value more local outcomes over global

Answer 42

consequence of limited alternative, limited options

Question 43

exaggerated value of outcomes of local decisions over outcomes of global decisions

Answer 43

suboptimal choice

Question 44

suboptimal choice is often confused with what

Answer 44

fatalistic loss of control manifested in the 'diseased' state of addiction

Question 45

what happens when drug receives an amplified valuation

Answer 45

other alternatives lose value and are therefore chosen less

Question 46

individuals with addictions operate in environments that what

Answer 46

environments that cater to their addiction

Question 47

true or false: access to drug alternatives has been effective in minimizing drug taking in humans and rats

Answer 47

true

Question 48

what theory says: addiction not inflexible to behavioral modification and addiction is a syndrome of maladaptive decision making

Answer 48

frame theory

Question 49

what psychological interventions can be effective

Answer 49

CBT and 12 step program