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PSY 312 > final exam - 1 > Flashcards

final exam - 1 Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

During an action potential, what happens when potassium channels open?

A

repolarization

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2
Q

Which commonly abused drug causes the dopamine transporter to operate in reverse?

A

methamphetamine

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3
Q

If a patient came in with a stroke, which area of the brain would likely be the most fatal, assuming equal severity?

A

medulla

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4
Q

Looking solely at diffusion in a typical neuron, which ion is going in which direction?

A

sodium goes in and potassium goes out

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5
Q

A drug company is interested in making a new drug to treat pain. They are concerned with the drug being misused/abused, providing a long-lasting effect from a single dose AND patient compliance. Which route of administration of the options below is likely the best at addressing all of these issues.

A

oral

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6
Q

true or false: PKU is a disorder that can be primarily treated by diet

A

true

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7
Q

what populations have special protections in regards to participating in experiments

A

prisoners, children, pregnant women, individuals w cognitive impairments, economically or educationally disadvantaged individuals, elderly

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8
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

ingestion of bacteria and elimination of those particles

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9
Q

who’s doctrine is best summarized by this: It gave evidence that the mechanism of communication is the same between nerves, but the nerves were specialized for their role

A

Muller

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10
Q

true or false: The area postrema is an exception to the BBB and serves to detect toxins in the system

A

true

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11
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

inability to metabolize galactose

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12
Q

these are characteristics of what: There is variation in the population of a species, an organism’s traits are passed down from parent to offspring, Not all organisms will live long enough to pass on their genes

A

natural selection

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13
Q

Why is a placebo given to a rat in a study when rats are not knowingly able to form any expectations about the medication they are being given?

A

To account for the stress of drug administration and separate it from the effect of the drug itself

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14
Q

process where Information from the DNA is transferred into mRNA

A

transcription

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15
Q

Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is primarily responsible for intentional, voluntary movements?

A

somatic nervous system

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16
Q

voluntary consent, good for society, avoid unnecessary harm or injury, risk should not outweigh human benefit, researchers must qualified

A

Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics

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17
Q

The Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics was created after what

A

Nazi WWII Experiments

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18
Q

the 1979 Belmont Report and establishment of office human research protection was created after what

A

Tuskegee

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19
Q

respect, beneficence-to do good, justice

A

Belmont Report & Human Research Protection

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20
Q

Removing organs to see what an organism is able to do and what they are no longer able to do

A

experimental ablation

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21
Q

Why is naloxone a life saving medication for individuals use opioids?

A

It works on the same site of action as the opioids commonly used (heroin, fentanyl, etc.), but has a higher affinity for the binding site so it can temporarily displace the opioid

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22
Q

What best summarizes Cajal’s (at the time) novel theory of how the brain works?

A

proposed the brain is made of billion of neurons

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23
Q

true or false: Variation is advantageous to the species, and may be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral to the organism

A

true

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24
Q

Why are disadvantageous mutations not irradicated in a species?

A

some mutations are not obvious until later in life, after an organism has passed on its genetics

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25
true or false: Reflexes are NOT automatic and involuntary and are controlled at the level of the spinal cord
false
26
the amount of effect of a drug is called what
the affinity
27
Action potentials run in one direction whereas axoplasmic transport runs in two directions/Action potentials run across the surface of the axon whereas axoplasmic transport is an internal process/Action potentials are an electric message in the axon, where as axoplasmic transport involves the movement of cellular materials
difference between action potential and axoplasmic transport
28
true or false: Retrograde axoplasmic transport is carried out by dynein and goes from the terminal buttons to the cell body
true
29
true or false: Schwann cells help following trauma to peripheral nerves but oligodendrocytes do not have the ability to help re-establish neuron connections in the CNS
true
30
why was the Monster study unethical
because it failed to obtain informed consent
31
maintains relative levels of ions inside and outside, but some ions move in an out passively
neuron at rest
32
How do leaky channels contribute to the resting membrane potential?
More potassium ions flow out than sodium ions flow in, making the cell more negative
33
Which type of channel is responsible for saltatory conduction?
sodium channels
34
what is saltatory conduction
the way electrical impulse skips from node to node in the full length of the axon
35
What type of channel transforms the electrical component of an action potential into a chemical signal?
calcium
36
receptors serve as a feedback system on neurons to regulate the amount of neurotransmitter being released
auto receptors
37
Which germ layer gives rise to the neural tube?
ectoderm
38
process of eliminating synapses in the brain during early childhood and adulthood
synaptic pruning
39
A block in the fourth ventricle would likely result in which condition first?
hydrocephaly
40
what is hydrocephalus
abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles deep within the brain
41
A patient comes in with motor impairments, specifically, they are unsteady on their feet, adopt a wide stance, struggle maintaining balance on one foot, and have issues walking a straight line. Based on the symptoms, the most likely impacted brain region is the ______________?
cerebellum
42
true or false: Solubility impacts the ability of a drug to cross the blood brain barrier
true
43
maximum amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount at a specified temp
solubility
44
what is potency
having a higher effect with less amount go drug
45
which pathway is most implicated in substance use research
mesolimbic
46
what was thought to be the location of emotions and thoughts in ancient civilizations
heart
47
what theory denies distinction between mind and matter
monism
48
what is dualism
belief that mind and body are separate
49
moving hand from hot stove automatically is an example of what
reflex
50
who discovered that stimulation of frog nerve cells caused muscle contractions disconnected from the body
Luigi Galvani
51
who removed and isolated organs to discover function of each area
Johannes Mueller
52
who would remove portions of an animal's brain to see what they could no longer do, discovering areas that controlled breathing and heart rate
Jean Pierre Flourens
53
who stained and identified individual neurons and proposed a new on the nervous system
Ramon Cajal
54
Charles Darwin is known for proposing what theory
theory of natural selection
55
gradual change in the stricture and physiology of a species
natural selection
56
true or false: most mutations are NOT advantageous to the organism's survival
true
57
true or false: variety in a species is NOT advantageous
false
58
what is AICUC and what are its principles
institutional animal care and use committee; principles are reduce, replace, and refinement
59
what are the two main part of the nervous system?
central nervous system which is the brain and the spinal cord. and peripheral nervous system which are nerves that branch into all areas of the body from the spinal cord
60
bundles of thousands of neurons wrapped in tough membrane
nerve
61
what are three types of neurons
sensory, motor, and interneuron
62
where are interneurons located
central nervous system
63
what two processes take place in the axon
action potential and axoplasmic transport
64
a chemical and electric message carries from the cell body down to axon and to the terminal buttons
action potential
65
fatty insulin wrapped around axon
myelin sheath
66
what are "nerve glue"
glia cells
67
oligodendrocytes, schwa cells, astrocytes, microglia are all types of
glia cells
68
what cell is responsible for the formation of myelin sheath located in CNS
oligodendrocytes
69
same roles as oligodendrocytes but located in the PNS
Schwann cells
70
cells that are physical support, provide nutrient, and formation of the blood brain barrier (BBB)
astrocytes
71
smallest of all glial cells and responsible for inflammatory response
microglia
72
what does the blood brain barrier do
protect the brain from toxins
73
what are the three mechanisms of maintenance
diffusion, electric attraction, active transport
74
what function allows more potassium to leave the cell than sodium come in
leaky channels
75
true or false: anterior is front and posterior is back
true
76
true or false: dorsal is up towards the brain and ventral is down towards the stomach
true
77
slices of the brain from the front to back of head
coronal
78
slices from one side to middle to other side
sagittal
79
slice top and bottom
horizontal
80
in an embryo stem cells do what two things
replicate and differentiate
81
true or false: ectoderm thickens to form neural plate at 18 days
true
82
true or false: outward folding of the neural plate forms the neural groove
false - inward folding
83
true or false: at day 22 neural groove closes to create neural tube
true
84
process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
neurogenesis
85
formations of synapses bt neurons in the nervous system
synaptogenesis
86
when new axon and dendrite extensions allow existing neurons to form new connections
sprouting
87
the peripheral nervous system is broken up into what two parts
automatic and somatic nervous system
88
parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric are all part of what
automatic nervous system
89
what system is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions
automatic nervous system
90
system that is responsible for voluntary movement
somatic nervous system
91
system responsible for rest and digest
parasympathetic
92
system responsible for flight/fight/freeze
sympathetic
93
system that regulates blood flow, motor, immune and endonctrine function
enteric
94
what function is responsible for making, sending, and regulating hormones
endoctrine function
95
what are meninges
protective layers of tissue that surround the brain, 3 layers
96
condition where there is abnormal buildup of fluid, CSF, deep within the brain
hydrocephalus
97
lobe responsible for decision making, problem solving, memory, speech, emotions, personality
frontal lobe
98
lobe responsible for primary auditory cortex, memory, hippocampus, emotion, amygdala
temporal lobe
99
lobe responsible for sensation, perception, reading, writing computation, language, spatial orientation
parietal lobe
100
lobe responsible for visual processing, depth perception, color vision, face and object recognition memory formation
occipital lobe
101
true or false: limbic system is responsible for behavioral and emotional responses
true
102
true or false: Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease are disorder related to damage to the basal ganglia
true
103
true or false: homeostasis is the tendency toward stable equilibrium bt independent elements
true
104
impaired condition leads to poor muscle control causing clumsy voluntary movements
ataxia
105
the pons in the hindbrain are responsible for what functions
sleep and arousal
106
for the spinal cord what is the order of letter from up to down
C, T, L, S
107
how may cranial nerves are there
12
108
what does psychoactive mean
drug that affects the mind
109
what functions are entailed in pharmacokinetics
absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion
110
why does type of absorption for drugs matter
how fast drug can get in the system
111
what 3 functions influence distribution of drug
circulatory system, site of action, and solubility
112
what is therapeutic index
how safe it is to take drug
113
true or false: toxic dose of a drug must be 100x greater than ED
true
114
what is the difference between chronic affect and acute affect
acute is directly after short exposure and chronic is long period after exposure
115
organic compound that make proteins to help the body break down food, grow, repair body tissue
animo acids
116
cell whose function is to reduce neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission
gaba
117
neurotransmitter and hormones that has to do with pleasure, reward, and motivation
dopamine
118
neurotransmitter and hormone that has to do with vigilance, alertness, and attentiveness
norepinephrine
119
true or false: amphetamine and methamphetamine are to treat ADHD
true
120
substance that produces morphine like effect, pain
opioids

PSY 312 (7 decks)

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