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PSY 100 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Are there more than one type of estrogen?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Stability and Change

A

Temperament and mood are pretty stable

Biggest smilers in childhood are most likely to be happy as adults (bigger smiles predict happier marriages)

Social attitudes are less stable (especially in late adolescence)

Most people mature after adolescence

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3
Q

Zygotes

A

Fertilized eggs

Fewer than half survive past the first two

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Inner zygote cells

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5
Q

Placenta

A

Outer zygote cells

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6
Q

Fetus

A

9 weeks after conception

By 6 months there is a good chance of survival outside the womb

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Viruses and drugs – why pregnant women shouldn’t drink or smoke

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8
Q

Environmental Factors

A

The placenta filters out harmful substances, some slip by

Alcohol reduces CNS activity for both mother and baby

Drinking while pregnant can make baby like alcohol more (not good)

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9
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Low birth weight, birth defects, future behavioral issues, lower intelligence

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10
Q

Epigenetic Effect

A

Chemical marks on DNA

Alcohol = switches genes on and off abnormally

Smoking = weakens ability to handle stress

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11
Q

Newborn Reflexes

A

We are equipped with reflexes

  • Withdraw limbs away from pain
  • Move things that interfere with breathing
  • Feeding - sucking
  • Startle reflex
  • Grasping reflect
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12
Q

Habituation

A

Getting used to something and not finding it interesting

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13
Q

Newborns…

A

Turn towards human voices

Look longer at face like images

Prefer faces 8-12 inches away

Prefer smell our caretakers used

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14
Q

Still face study

A

baby angry when mothers face is still

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15
Q

Brain Development

A

Neural networks expand

We are born with almost all the brain cells we have – the wiring is what develops

Infant brain size increases rapidly in the days following birth

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16
Q

When is the most rapid growth in the frontal lobe?

A

3 to 6 months

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17
Q

What are the last to develop?

A

Association areas

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18
Q

Motor development

A

Brain development allows for physical coordination (cerebellum)

Babies roll before sitting, crawl before walking (even blind babies)

Bowel and bladder control can’t happen before their brain matures enough

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19
Q

What percent walk before 1 years old?

A

50%

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20
Q

What percent walk by 15 months?

A

90%

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21
Q

Which countries massage babies and accelerate walking?

A

Africa, the Caribbean, India

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22
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Object permanence (peek-a-boo)

Baby physics - stare longer at impossible or unexpected things (car passing through a solid object)

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23
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Lack of the concept of conservation

Present play and symbolic thinking

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24
Q

Egocentrism

A

Difficulty seeing others’ points of view

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25
Theory of mind
Ideas about your own and others' mental states
26
Secure attachment
Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close relationships, self confident
27
Preoccupied attachment
Overly invested and involved in close relationships (depending on others)
28
Dismissing attachment
Compulsively self-reliant, distant in relationships
29
Fearful attachment
Dependent on others, but avoids intimacy due to fear of rejection
30
Permissive parenting style
High responsiveness, low demandingness
31
Neglectful parenting style
Low responsiveness, low demandingness
32
Authoritative (IDEAL)
High responsiveness, high demandingness
33
Authoritarian
Low responsiveness, high demandingness
34
Puberty
Sexual maturation
35
Early maturation
Can lead to more popularity, self assurance, and independence More high risk behaviors
36
Physical Development
Sequence of changes is more predictable than timing Bullying is common at this time
37
Teenage brains
Pruning of unused neurons The brain is behind puberty's hormonal surge and the limbic system (impulsiveness, risky behaviors, emotional tantrums)
38
Myelin increase in frontal lobes
Better judgement, impulse control and long term planning
39
Moral Intuition
Our morality is rooted in gut feelings Get good feelings from being moral Trolley problem
40
Moral action
We can be influenced by powerful situations Moral development requires impulse control to do the right thing
41
Marshmallow delay gratification
Kids who waited had higher college completion rates and incomes and less often suffered addiction
42
Parent and peer relationships
We seek to fit our groups Teens pull away from parents Selection effect Teens are herd animals Teens network rapidly (social media) Exclusion and bullying is very painful Personalities are not easily sculpted by parents
43
Selection effect
Kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests
44
Emerging adulthood
Historically, adolescent was much shorter (ended shortly after sexual maturity) Now, adolescents take more time to establish themselves US gov. allows for dependents up to 26 for health insurance
45
What age are emerging adults?
18-mid 20s (the not yet settled phase of life)
46
Sex hormones
Estrogens and testosterone
47
Hormones and sexual behavior
Direct development of sexual organs prenatally Surge rushes us into adolescence during puberty After puberty, they facilitate sexual behavior
48
Erectile disorder and female orgasmic disorder
Low desire Viagra helps men, but can't find anything to help women
49
Paraphilias
Unusual sexual interests
50
When is paraphilia considered a disorder?
They experience distress They entail harm or risk of harm to self or others
51
Predicting sexual restraint: high intelligence
Consider more negative consequences More focused on achievement than pleasure
52
Predicting sexual restraint: Religious engagement
Wait for adulthood and long term relationships
53
Predicting sexual restraint: Father presence
Having a close family Both parents matter
54
Predicting sexual restraint: service learning participation
Possibly reduces free time -- less chances for sex
55
Males are more easily sexually excited than females
True
56
We are typically attracted to health "fertile" looking people because ...
Women have more at stake (pregnancy and child birth) Men can get women pregnant and have absolutely nothing at stake in terms of survival
57
Intimacy is ___
social
58
Sex and human relationships
The brain areas for reward overlap for love and sexual desire (familiar partners can be more satisfying) Most modern cultures have gender roles that are slowly merging
59
Social learning theory
Children acquire their gender identity based on the influence of other people (particularly their immediate family)
60
What type of conditioning is used in the social learning theory of gender?
Operant conditioning
61
What are the 5 aspects of the social learning theory?
Observation Memory Imitation Motivation Learning
62
Gender identity
Who you are and know yourself to be
63
Gender Expression
How you present and communicate your Gender Identity
64
Sex assigned at birth
Category that medical institutions assigned a body at birth based almost solely upon genitalia
65
Parts of gender ...
exist on a SPECTRUM
66
Psychodynamic Theory (Freud)
Human behavior that is a dynamic interaction between your conscious mind and unconscious mind Originally from "psychoanalysis" Internal conflicts from gender roles
67
Projective Test
Personality test with ambiguous images that bring out "inner feelings" Usually used to identify the way a person may perceive situations ex. Rorschach Inkblot Test
68
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization Esteem Love and belonging Safety needs Physiological needs
69
Self-actualization
Desire to become the most that one can be
70
Esteem
Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
71
Love and belonging
Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
72
Safety needs
Personal security, employment, resources, health, property
73
Physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
74
The Big 5 (personality)
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
75
How stable are these traits? (big 5)
Change over time but stabilize with age
76
How heritable are they? (big 5)
40%
77
Do they reflect different brain structures? (big 5)
Some correlate with brain size and location
78
Do the reflect birth order? (big 5)
no
79
Do they apply to other cultures? (big 5)
yes
80
Do they predict behavior? (big 5)
Yes
81
Instincts and evolutionary theory
There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior ex. birds building nests or infants rooting for a nipple
82
Drive reduction theory
Physiological needs create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need ex. eating or drinking
83
Arousal theory
Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need ex. our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information
84
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
We prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

PSY 100 (5 decks)

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