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PSY 100 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Are there more than one type of estrogen?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Stability and Change

A

Temperament and mood are pretty stable

Biggest smilers in childhood are most likely to be happy as adults (bigger smiles predict happier marriages)

Social attitudes are less stable (especially in late adolescence)

Most people mature after adolescence

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3
Q

Zygotes

A

Fertilized eggs

Fewer than half survive past the first two

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Inner zygote cells

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5
Q

Placenta

A

Outer zygote cells

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6
Q

Fetus

A

9 weeks after conception

By 6 months there is a good chance of survival outside the womb

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Viruses and drugs – why pregnant women shouldn’t drink or smoke

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8
Q

Environmental Factors

A

The placenta filters out harmful substances, some slip by

Alcohol reduces CNS activity for both mother and baby

Drinking while pregnant can make baby like alcohol more (not good)

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9
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Low birth weight, birth defects, future behavioral issues, lower intelligence

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10
Q

Epigenetic Effect

A

Chemical marks on DNA

Alcohol = switches genes on and off abnormally

Smoking = weakens ability to handle stress

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11
Q

Newborn Reflexes

A

We are equipped with reflexes

  • Withdraw limbs away from pain
  • Move things that interfere with breathing
  • Feeding - sucking
  • Startle reflex
  • Grasping reflect
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12
Q

Habituation

A

Getting used to something and not finding it interesting

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13
Q

Newborns…

A

Turn towards human voices

Look longer at face like images

Prefer faces 8-12 inches away

Prefer smell our caretakers used

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14
Q

Still face study

A

baby angry when mothers face is still

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15
Q

Brain Development

A

Neural networks expand

We are born with almost all the brain cells we have – the wiring is what develops

Infant brain size increases rapidly in the days following birth

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16
Q

When is the most rapid growth in the frontal lobe?

A

3 to 6 months

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17
Q

What are the last to develop?

A

Association areas

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18
Q

Motor development

A

Brain development allows for physical coordination (cerebellum)

Babies roll before sitting, crawl before walking (even blind babies)

Bowel and bladder control can’t happen before their brain matures enough

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19
Q

What percent walk before 1 years old?

A

50%

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20
Q

What percent walk by 15 months?

A

90%

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21
Q

Which countries massage babies and accelerate walking?

A

Africa, the Caribbean, India

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22
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Object permanence (peek-a-boo)

Baby physics - stare longer at impossible or unexpected things (car passing through a solid object)

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23
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Lack of the concept of conservation

Present play and symbolic thinking

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24
Q

Egocentrism

A

Difficulty seeing others’ points of view

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25
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ideas about your own and others’ mental states

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26
Q

Secure attachment

A

Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close relationships, self confident

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27
Q

Preoccupied attachment

A

Overly invested and involved in close relationships (depending on others)

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28
Q

Dismissing attachment

A

Compulsively self-reliant, distant in relationships

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29
Q

Fearful attachment

A

Dependent on others, but avoids intimacy due to fear of rejection

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30
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

High responsiveness, low demandingness

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31
Q

Neglectful parenting style

A

Low responsiveness, low demandingness

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32
Q

Authoritative (IDEAL)

A

High responsiveness, high demandingness

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33
Q

Authoritarian

A

Low responsiveness, high demandingness

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34
Q

Puberty

A

Sexual maturation

35
Q

Early maturation

A

Can lead to more popularity, self assurance, and independence

More high risk behaviors

36
Q

Physical Development

A

Sequence of changes is more predictable than timing

Bullying is common at this time

37
Q

Teenage brains

A

Pruning of unused neurons

The brain is behind puberty’s hormonal surge and the limbic system (impulsiveness, risky behaviors, emotional tantrums)

38
Q

Myelin increase in frontal lobes

A

Better judgement, impulse control and long term planning

39
Q

Moral Intuition

A

Our morality is rooted in gut feelings

Get good feelings from being moral

Trolley problem

40
Q

Moral action

A

We can be influenced by powerful situations

Moral development requires impulse control to do the right thing

41
Q

Marshmallow delay gratification

A

Kids who waited had higher college completion rates and incomes and less often suffered addiction

42
Q

Parent and peer relationships

A

We seek to fit our groups
Teens pull away from parents
Selection effect
Teens are herd animals
Teens network rapidly (social media)
Exclusion and bullying is very painful
Personalities are not easily sculpted by parents

43
Q

Selection effect

A

Kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests

44
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Historically, adolescent was much shorter (ended shortly after sexual maturity)

Now, adolescents take more time to establish themselves

US gov. allows for dependents up to 26 for health insurance

45
Q

What age are emerging adults?

A

18-mid 20s (the not yet settled phase of life)

46
Q

Sex hormones

A

Estrogens and testosterone

47
Q

Hormones and sexual behavior

A

Direct development of sexual organs prenatally

Surge rushes us into adolescence during puberty

After puberty, they facilitate sexual behavior

48
Q

Erectile disorder and female orgasmic disorder

A

Low desire

Viagra helps men, but can’t find anything to help women

49
Q

Paraphilias

A

Unusual sexual interests

50
Q

When is paraphilia considered a disorder?

A

They experience distress

They entail harm or risk of harm to self or others

51
Q

Predicting sexual restraint: high intelligence

A

Consider more negative consequences

More focused on achievement than pleasure

52
Q

Predicting sexual restraint: Religious engagement

A

Wait for adulthood and long term relationships

53
Q

Predicting sexual restraint: Father presence

A

Having a close family

Both parents matter

54
Q

Predicting sexual restraint: service learning participation

A

Possibly reduces free time – less chances for sex

55
Q

Males are more easily sexually excited than females

A

True

56
Q

We are typically attracted to health “fertile” looking people because …

A

Women have more at stake (pregnancy and child birth)

Men can get women pregnant and have absolutely nothing at stake in terms of survival

57
Q

Intimacy is ___

A

social

58
Q

Sex and human relationships

A

The brain areas for reward overlap for love and sexual desire (familiar partners can be more satisfying)

Most modern cultures have gender roles that are slowly merging

59
Q

Social learning theory

A

Children acquire their gender identity based on the influence of other people (particularly their immediate family)

60
Q

What type of conditioning is used in the social learning theory of gender?

A

Operant conditioning

61
Q

What are the 5 aspects of the social learning theory?

A

Observation
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
Learning

62
Q

Gender identity

A

Who you are and know yourself to be

63
Q

Gender Expression

A

How you present and communicate your Gender Identity

64
Q

Sex assigned at birth

A

Category that medical institutions assigned a body at birth based almost solely upon genitalia

65
Q

Parts of gender …

A

exist on a SPECTRUM

66
Q

Psychodynamic Theory (Freud)

A

Human behavior that is a dynamic interaction between your conscious mind and unconscious mind

Originally from “psychoanalysis”

Internal conflicts from gender roles

67
Q

Projective Test

A

Personality test with ambiguous images that bring out “inner feelings”

Usually used to identify the way a person may perceive situations

ex. Rorschach Inkblot Test

68
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self-actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety needs
Physiological needs

69
Q

Self-actualization

A

Desire to become the most that one can be

70
Q

Esteem

A

Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom

71
Q

Love and belonging

A

Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

72
Q

Safety needs

A

Personal security, employment, resources, health, property

73
Q

Physiological needs

A

Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

74
Q

The Big 5 (personality)

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

75
Q

How stable are these traits? (big 5)

A

Change over time but stabilize with age

76
Q

How heritable are they? (big 5)

A

40%

77
Q

Do they reflect different brain structures? (big 5)

A

Some correlate with brain size and location

78
Q

Do the reflect birth order? (big 5)

A

no

79
Q

Do they apply to other cultures? (big 5)

A

yes

80
Q

Do they predict behavior? (big 5)

A

Yes

81
Q

Instincts and evolutionary theory

A

There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior

ex. birds building nests or infants rooting for a nipple

82
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Physiological needs create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need

ex. eating or drinking

83
Q

Arousal theory

A

Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need

ex. our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information

84
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

We prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

PSY 100 (5 decks)

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