Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 4140 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

notice taken of someone or something; the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important

A

attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is attention a limited or unlimited resource?

A

limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false: attention increases our processing of some things and decreases our processing of other things

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___ models of attention highlight our limited capacity to process information

A

cognitive models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

attention is:

A

focusing on a subset of features that are somehow “relevant” and ignoring the “irrelevant”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does the filtering process for attention work? where and how do we process some things more fully than others, and how do we choose which things are “relevant” ?

A

it’s not completely clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

true or false: too much or too little attention can be dangerous

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

even when we are trying our best, our attention is ___

A

imperfect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this task asks folks to attend to 2 letters presented in a rapid series. processing the first letter (T1) absorbs most of folks’ attention, revealing a “blink,” or lapse of attention for the second letter (T2), strongest around 200 ms after T1

A

“attentional blink” task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of stimuli do we process a bit more readily during this “blink” of attention?

A

emotional stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

this form of attention is called endogenous, or “top-down” attention
-the “top” is the goal state coming from inside (endo) the person
-we are searching for a specific target

A

goal-directed attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

example of goal-directed attention

A

where’s waldo?
-we search the area slowly and carefully until we find the target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

this form of attention is called exogenous, or “bottom-up” attention
-the “bottom” is the sensory features that ‘pop-out’ or grab our attention from outside the body (exo)

A

automatic capture of attention (“captured” attention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

example of “captured” attention

A

a loud noise or a flash of lightning
-these features interrupt and grab our attention, without any intention on our part
-we can’t ignore it, these stimuli are processed even if we don’t want to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

do endogenous and exogenous attention features function together or separately in search tasks?

A

together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if search features “pop-out” strongly, task performance is ___
-in this scenario, does the number of distractors matter?

A

fast ; does not matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

searching for one particular thing through a mixture of multiple target features

A

conjunction search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

true or false: multiple target features (conjunction search) does NOT increase search time along with the number of background distractors

A

false ; does increase search time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the ___ of a target extends reaction time significantly

A

absence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

does reaction time extend or shorten as the number of distractors increases?

A

extends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

can attention be defined simply by gaze location?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

does attention operate independent or “above” simple visual input?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

asking subjects to pay attention to a location on a screen, while keeping fixation somewhere else

A

attending covertly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

true or false: attending covertly leads to increased response speed and improved accuracy to a stimulus appearing at the attended location

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

early visual ___ show evidence of a ‘covert’ attention advantage
-visual areas seem to be “warmed up” ahead of time by ___ attention

A

early visual ERPs ; endogenous attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

covert attention enhances visual cortical fMRI BOLD signal before or after the target appears?

A

before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

first: locate ___ areas that respond to upper left and right patches

-subtracting BOLD signal recorded as subjects wait for left vs. right cue to appear shows a huge ___ increase in cortical activation due to attention

A

V1 ; preparatory increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

true or false: attending to the left ‘warms up’ left visual hemisphere areas

A

false ; attending to the left ‘warms up’ right visual hemisphere areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

this also works for auditory input, by asking folks to wear headphones playing two different recordings, and asking them to alternate their attention toward one ear or the other

-in this “dichotomous listening” task, memory is much better for the content played to the ___ ear

A

attended ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

selective attention effect is mostly consistent with an old hypothesis of Helmholtz (1860s), suggesting that attention operates by filtering (“gating out”) unattended input at the early sensory stage

-this filter of attention is not perfect - ___ (or personally ‘salient’) stimuli break through the filter

A

exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

___ elements in the unattended ear can “force through” the filter and “capture” our attention

A

salient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

example: if an ‘ignored’ speaker sneezes, laughs, curses, or says your full name, this ability to register ‘relevant’ details in the ignored ear argues against a strict early selection model of attention

-why does this sort of feature make evolutionary sense?

A

we should never be able to completely ignore explicit threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a revised model, which allows highly relevant information to pass through the ears

A

porous filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

recent data demonstrates that the porous filter works in one or both directions? inhibiting processing of ignored cues, and enhancing processing of attended cues

A

both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

neuroscience studies of attention show that selection can modulate brain reactivity at all stages of the process. what are the two kinds of selection?

A

early selection and late selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where does early selection occur?

A

sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where does late selection occur?

A

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

searching through a messy desk drawer for a highlighter is an example of which selection?

A

early selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

searching through a crowded bar for your roommate is an example of which selection?

A

late selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

if you are searching through a crowded bar for your roommate, and you happen to know that your roommate is wearing red, this is an example of which kind of selection?

A

early and late selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how is selection managed in the brain?

A

folks are still working on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

this theory by treisman suggests that we have “feature maps” in our visual systems that allow us to quickly and efficiently recognize basic characteristics (color, shape, etc.) that enables exogenous “pop-out” attention

A

feature integration theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

if we need to locate something we ‘bind’ these multiple features together, using ___ attention.

-do we know much about the brain mechanisms supporting this process? or is this where research is in progress

A

endogenous ; where research is in progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

almost any sort of visual attention task evokes activity in two bilateral brain regions:

A
  1. the premotor frontal eye fields (FEF)
  2. dorsal parietal intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

this region of the brain is tied to eye movement and preparation

A

frontal eye fields (FEF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

this region of the brain is involved in 3D spatial awareness of stimuli around you

A

intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the ___ network appears to swerve the needs of endogenous attention - anything that we need or want to look at engages the network

A

frontoparietal network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

true or false: frontoparietal network (FP) network activity is limited to eye movements only

A

false ; FP network activity is independent of eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

does covert attention shifts also drive FEF/IPS activity?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

studies of exogenous shifts of attention find activity in a parallel attention network now called the ___

A

ventral FP (frontoparietal) network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the ventral FP network consists of two components:

A
  1. inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
  2. temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the dorsal network consists of two components:

A

FEF (frontal eye fields) and IPS (intraparietal sulcus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

___ shifts of attention are associated with activity in dorsal network (FEF and IPS)

A

endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

this type of attention is characterized by endogenous shifts of attention are associated with activity in dorsal network (FEF and IPS)

A

voluntary attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

ventral network is composed of two components in the brain:

A

temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

___ shifts of attention are associated with activity in ventral network (TPJ and IFG)

A

exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

this type of attention is characterized by exogenous shifts of attention are associated with activity in a ventral network including temporoparietal junction (TPD) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

A

attention reorienting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

do the dorsal and ventral networks work in unison or opposition?

A

opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

true or false: when one FP network is active, the other is inhibited

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

which FP network is mostly in charge?

A

dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

this FP network can be thought of as a “circuit breaker” or “interrupt mechanism” to cease focused attention

A

ventral FP network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

imagine sitting and watching TV; the ___ FP network manages your visual attention to the screen and limits sensitivity to anything else

A

dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

a timer goes off in the kitchen, the ___ FP network breaks your attention toward the TV. Then, the ___ FP engages as you make your way to get your dinner

A

ventral ; dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The basic idea of selective attention is that some region of PFC (and probably other areas) ___ and ___ the search goal. The current goal appears to inform the FP network to scan the environment, locate the target, and fixate gaze to that point

A

chooses and maintains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

most attention studies use ___ tasks, where the subject is “prepared and waiting” for a specific target

A

endogenous tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

with endogenous tasks, attention effects are evident soon after the target appears, around ___ ms

A

100 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

in studies where attention is ‘captured’ by features like salience, or emotion, attention effects take longer, around ___ ms after the target

A

200 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

___ designs in visual search are simplistic

-when searching for a target with one basic feature (ex. a red bar), we are able to rapidly search a large array, using exogenous attention

A

“classic”

69
Q

by studying attention ___ stimuli, we reveal how attention works (and evolved) to solve ‘real world’ problems

A

naturalistic stimuli

70
Q

find a horizontal red line in a picture of red and green lines, tilted at different angles: Simple, but also unfamiliar, and ecologically sterile, foreign

A

example of a naturalistic (real world) search

71
Q

find a notre dame fan in the crowd of a UGA football game: complex but familiar, and ecologically valid

A

example of a naturalistic (real world) search

72
Q

is a naturalistic search performance faster or slower than expected

A

faster than expected

73
Q

when asked to decide if a scene contains an animal, people can correctly identify animals ___% of the time, even when the scene is presented for only ___ ms

A

94% ; 20 ms

74
Q

naturalistic search: why so fast?

this early ERP effect is just as fast as hillyard’s left vs. right visual attention, or left vs. right ear attention. but the task is much more ___ (cars vs. trees, or faces vs. buildings)

A

complex

75
Q

why is a naturalistic search so fast?

A

target objects and distractors are familiar ; it is easy for us to search for an animal in a natural environment (we’ve been training for this sort of task our whole lives)

76
Q

familiar contexts ___ search times

  • we locate objects (ex. a coffee maker) ___ when they are placed in a natural setting, relative to a simple array, even though the natural setting is much more visually complex
A

reduce ; faster

77
Q

true or false: scene context hinders gaze location

A

false ; scene context aids gaze location
-fixations demonstrate that people know where to look for an object in a photograph from past experience

78
Q

does attention modulate only early or early and late visual cortex activity up and down?

A

both early and late

79
Q

if we change the target category every trial, we can see the ___ ventral visual cortex ‘warm up’ and “cool down” the category-sensitive regions ahead of time (just like early visual cortex)

A

late ventral visual cortex

80
Q

naturalistic search: limitations

-attention can bias visual processing of broad target categories (ex. cars vs. trees) but cannot focus on ___ subtypes (ex. BMWs vs. Fords, cats vs. dogs)

A

detailed

81
Q

the enhancement of familiar target categories is enacted in parallel across part of or the entire visual field, much like basic features such as color?
-we can’t limit our categorical attention to one location around us

A

the entire visual field

82
Q

how does attention modulate brain reactivity?

A

models of selective attention propose that target stimuli are “tagged” or “gated through” in some way for enhanced processing, but the exact mechanism is unknown

83
Q

recently, a research group were able to identify multiple V1 clusters that responded to different line orientations, but all fed into a single ___ cluster

A

V4

84
Q

comparing the way cortical signals between V1 and V4 neurons changed when the same stimulus was attended or ignored focuses on 2 components:

A

frequency and phase of EEG signals between V1 and V4

85
Q

both ___ and ___ of EEG appear to support network connections

A

frequency and phase

86
Q

cortical neurons are constantly ___ (increasing and decreasing. inactivity)

A

oscillating

87
Q

activity is greatest at the ___ point of an oscillation. it sends and receives signals best at this point in time

A

high point

88
Q

if two or more regions are connected, and oscillating at the same frequency, they are often part of a ___ network

A

functional network

89
Q

for A and B to communicate best, A should send a signal to B so that it ___ when B is at a high point of activity

A

arrives

90
Q

this process manages region A so that its signal is sent to A’s high point, and so it arrives when region B is at its high point

A

phase shift

91
Q

higher oscillation frequencies represent ___ signals, while slower frequencies represent ___ signals

A

feedforward ; feedback

92
Q

high frequency EEG = ___ signals

A

feedforward

93
Q

bottom-up =

A

gamma

94
Q

low frequency EEG = ___ signals

A

feedback

95
Q

top-down =

A

alpha-beta

96
Q

rhythms for cognition:

A

communication through coherence

97
Q

V1 features feed into target cluster in ___

A

V4

98
Q

V1 sends its signal as a perfect ___, so that it is heard much more loudly by V4 target than competing stimuli

A

phase representation

99
Q

this phase representation locks itself to ___ somehow, so it only hears this V1 cluster

A

V4

100
Q

true or false: V1 attended and V1 unattended both feed into V4

A

true

101
Q

attended information is transmitted into V4 and its highest ___ point (its peak), while ignored information is transmitted into V4 at its ___ point

A

excitation ; inhibition

102
Q

what manages phase tuning?

true or false: slow-frequency “top-down” feedback signals from later stages of visual cortex (or PFC) is involved

A

true

103
Q

two components of memory:

A

working memory and long-term memory

104
Q

two components of long-term memory:

A

declarative (explicit memory) and nondeclarative (implicit memory)

105
Q

declarative memory is referred to as ___ memory

A

explicit memory

106
Q

nondeclarative memory is referred to as ___ memory

A

implicit

107
Q

two components of declarative (explicit memory)

A

episodic memory (events) and semantic memory (facts)

108
Q

3 components of nondeclarative (implicit) memory

A

priming, skill learning, and conditioning

109
Q

is memory formation understood well? or poorly understood?

A

poorly understood

110
Q

are novel memories formed instantly? or does it actually take quite a while for memories to become permanent?

A

it actually takes quite a while for memories to become permanent

111
Q

true or false: minor concussions typically erase memory of recent events

A

true

112
Q

can severe concussions eliminate memory of the entire day, week, or more?

A

yes

113
Q

what must occur over an extended period of time for the memory of an event to last

A

the brain must be allowed to “consolidate”

114
Q

a rare condition in which a temporary loss of memory function occurs with no apparent cause, lasting 1-24 hours
-all other brain functions are intact, and CT, MRI, PET scans look normal

A

transient global amnesia

115
Q

with transient global amnesia, immediate recall (~1 min) is normal, along with term memories (longer than ~1 year), but everything in between is temporarily ___

-patients can’t understand what’s happening, and often ask the same series of questions in a “repeating loop”

A

temporarily lost

116
Q

how long after a transient global amnesia episode does memory function gradually recover?

can new memories be formed again?

are memories of the TGA event itself permanent, or are they lost?

A

~24 hours ; yes ; lost

117
Q

3 flavors of implicit memory:

A

priming, skill learning, and conditioning

118
Q

how are implicit memories formed?

A

automatically, by mere exposure or by simple association

119
Q

are implicit memories easy or difficult to describe?

A

difficult

120
Q

this flavor of implicit memory only works if it happens implicitly (outside our awareness)

A

priming

121
Q

___ involves the implicit presentation of information/cues that have the effect of increasing the probability that a person will respond with a target stimulus (word, object, etc.)

A

priming

122
Q

true or false: priming must remain ‘under the radar’ to work

A

true

123
Q

personal practice and experience that leads to ‘motor learning’ that is highly resistant to decay - a ‘permanent memory’
ex. you never forget how to catch a ball, or ride a bike

A

skill learning

124
Q

___ is highly implicit. it is impossible to explain to someone how to swim or ride a bike. they need to learn for themselves

A

skill learning

125
Q

motor plasticity is revealed through ___

ex. riding a bike is a complicated motor task. many variables must be balanced to manage it well. once you ‘get it,’ it generally stays with you forever, BUT, if you change one part of the process, and try to adapt, strange things happen
(ex. backwards bicycle video)

A

reprogramming

126
Q

___ is one of the best understood sorts of memory, from a neuro standpoint

A

associative conditioning

127
Q

learning that a neutral cue produces an aversive (or appetitive) outcome

A

classical conditioning

128
Q

skin conductance responses (sympathetic) reveal reveal the creation of the new memory association. SC will often show learning effects before or after the subject is able to verbally report the association, demonstrating ‘implicit’ learning?

A

before

129
Q

classical conditioning depends on intact ___

A

amygdala

130
Q

“fear potentiation” of the startle reflex is dependent on an intact central nucleus of the subcortical ___. without this part of the brain, fear associations are poorly learned

A

amygdala

131
Q

implicit learning activates this part of the brain

A

amygdala

132
Q

explicit learning activates this part of the brain, indicating declarative learning

A

hippocampus

133
Q

3 basic components of declarative memory:

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

134
Q

why does head trauma affect memory more than other brain functions?

A

it is not clear, but it could be that memory depends on structures located in the middle of the brain, where shearing, twisting forces concentrate (medial temporal lobe structures)

135
Q

HM’s declarative deficits were linked primarily to the loss of the ___

A

hippocampus

136
Q

this working hypothesis of declarative memory function considers the HC as an ‘index’ - a map of memory elements

A

the hippocampal “index model”

137
Q

the what, where, when, and how of an event (active clusters of activity in visual, auditory, and premotor cortex, etc.) are linked through connections with the HC
-after many years of use, can these clusters gain independence from HC index and develop direct links?

A

yes

138
Q

in healthy folks, what brain structures are needed to recall an event

A
  1. the parts of the cortex that were active during the original event (sight, smell, sound, feelings, etc.)
  2. hippocampus to provide the list of all these elements, so that they can be reactivated when you bring the memory back online
139
Q

repeated recall of a past event strengthens the direct connections between those parts of the cortex, and eventually the hippocampus is not necessary. how long does this process take?

A

~6-12 months

140
Q

consistent with the index model, fMRI studies have shown visual cortex reactivation during retrieval of word memories that were formed in combination with ___ stimuli
Thus the text cue evokes the ___ associate in memory

A

picture ; visual

141
Q

during retrieval of word memories that were formed in combination with sound stimuli, the ___ cortex is reactivated

A

auditory cortex

142
Q

from behavioral memory research, we know that greater ___ improves performance. in other words, the more deeply we think about an item, the more likely we are to remember it later

A

depth processing

143
Q

deep thinking engages left inferior frontal cortex, or ___, known to be involved in language processing

A

broca’s area

144
Q

memory encoding: we see greater IFG activity during ___ (deep) compared to ___ (shallow) strategy use

A

semantic (deep) ; phonological (shallow)

145
Q

more left IFG activity during ___ vs. ___ memory encoding

A

semantic vs. sound

146
Q

true or false: L IFG activity is weaker during memory retrieval

A

false ; stronger

147
Q

correctly remembered word trials showed much more ___ activity

A

L IFG

148
Q

clearly recalled items are associated with more ___ parietal activity

A

ventral parietal

149
Q

low-confidence items are associated with more ___ parietal activity

A

dorsal parietal

150
Q

encoding has been linked to

A

left IFG

151
Q

retrieval has been linked to

A

left IFG and posterior parietal cortex

152
Q

both retrieval and encoding are somehow connected with the ___, which stores the “index” of an event

A

hippocampus

153
Q

over time the hippocampal index becomes less important in memory recall. how long?

A

~1 year

154
Q

a set of processes that transfer hippocampus-mediated to direct cortical connections

A

consolidation

155
Q

is memory consolidation well understood?

A

no ; poorly understood

156
Q

memory consolidation has been shown to involve ___ and ___ scales that vary widely

A

spatial and temporal

157
Q

both ___ (receptors, dendrites) and ___ processes (large cortical networks) are involved in memory consolidation

A

subcellular and systemic processes

158
Q

one likely component to consolidation

A

sleep

159
Q

selectively interrupting different stages of sleep reveals that stage 4 “___” sleep is especially critical to memory retention the following day

A

“slow-wave”

160
Q

learned spatial associations that were ___ during slow wave sleep were remembered better in human trials

A

re-cued

161
Q

how do we determine which things to remember and which to forget?

A

it’s unclear

162
Q

true or false: the information that ultimately remains available for retrieval may tend to be that which is reactivated during sleep

A

true

163
Q

neurocognitive processing during sleep can benefit memory storage when memories are covertly cued via ___ and ___ stimulation

A

auditory and olfactory

164
Q

memories are gradually altered over time through ___

A

reconsolidation

165
Q

the stored memory is stable; the “original” copy is read out at retrieval

A

classic view of reconsolidation

166
Q

the stored memory is malleable; the “most recently” accessed copy is read out at retrieval

A

modern view of reconsolidation

167
Q

reconsolidation has been used in ___ patients to weaken the persistent emotional associations typically evoked by traumatic memories

A

PTSD

168
Q

ex. of reconsolidation

A

memories that are repeatedly recounted tend to put the narrator in a better light

PSYC 4140 - Cognitive Neuroscience (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions