Exam 3

Question 1

Actin or myosin?
Thin filament protein
Involved tropomyosin & troponin

Answer 1

Actin

Question 2

Actin or myosin?
Thick filament protein
2 heads and a tail
Binds/ splits ATP to ADP+P

Answer 2

Myosin

Question 3

What is a muscle twitch?

Answer 3

Single action potential to skeletal muscle that causes brief contraction

Question 4

Phase 1 or 2 or muscle twitch?
Contraction begins, Ca2+ bound to troponin, cross bridge cycle happens

Answer 4

Phase 1

Question 5

Phase 1 or 2 of muscle twitch?
Peak of twitch, enough Ca2+ back out of cytoplasm= fewer cross bridges so force production falls, cell turns to resting

Answer 5

Phase 2: relaxation

Question 6

What is a motor unit?

Answer 6

Single motor neuron and all muscle cells it Innervates

Question 7

What is tetanus?

Answer 7

No relaxation between muscle summination causes maximal contraction

Question 8

What are causes of muscle fatigue?

Answer 8

1) ATP production can’t keep pace with ATP use
2) decreased rate of AcH release

Question 9

4 sources of ATP used in muscle metabolism

Answer 9

1) stored ATP
2) creating phosphate
3) anaerobic glycolysis
4) oxidative metabolism

Question 10

Four major functions of GI

Answer 10

1) peristalis/ mixing movements
2) secretion into GI tract or bloodstream
3) digestion= chemical, mechanical breakdown
4) absorption from GI tract to blood or lymph

Question 11

3 phases of digestion in order

Answer 11

Cephilac phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

Question 12

Six types of cells in gastric pits

Answer 12

1) Surface mucous cells
2) mucous neck cells
3) parietal cells
4) chief cells
5) G cells
6) D cells

Question 13

What do mucous cells do

Answer 13

Secrete mucin to protect stomachs wall

Question 14

What do mucous neck cells do?

Answer 14

Secretes acidic mucin

Question 15

What do parietal cells do?

Answer 15

Secretes hydrochloric acid/ is instrinsic factor

Question 16

What do chief cells do?

Answer 16

Secretes pepsinogen

Question 17

What do G cells do?

Answer 17

Secretes gastrin

Question 18

What do D cells do?

Answer 18

Secretes somatosin

Question 19

Proteases digest what?

Answer 19

Proteins

Question 20

Amalyses digest what?

Answer 20

Carbohydrates

Question 21

What does bile/ lipases digest?

Answer 21

Lipids

Question 22

How is water and sodium absorbed in the body?

Answer 22

Sodium potassium pump and osmosis

Question 23

How are lipids absorbed into the body?

Answer 23

Diffusion into lymphatic vessels

Question 24

How are carbs and proteins absorbed into the body?

Answer 24

Secondary active transport, co transport with sodium ions, facilitated diffusion into capillaries

Question 25

What digestion occurs in large intestine? Does it have enzymes?

Answer 25

Concentrate feces and absorb water No enzymes

Question 26

How does bile play a role in lipid digestion

Answer 26

Emulsifies lipids

Question 27

Smallest component of carbs

Answer 27

Monosaccharides

Question 28

Smallest component of proteins

Answer 28

Amino acids

Question 29

What is hormonal method of hormones?

Answer 29

One hormone triggers the release of another one

Question 30

Methods for humoral hormones?

Answer 30

Levels of certain substance in blood stimulates release of a hormone (Negative feedback)

Question 31

Methods of neural hormones?

Answer 31

A neuron triggers release of a hormone (ex. Adrenaline)

Question 32

What is gene direct activation? (Hormones)

Answer 32

Directly activated gene in nucleus

Question 33

Second messenger system (hormones)

Answer 33

Bind receptors on plasma membrane cells

Question 34

T or F Calcium is stored in and released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 34

True

Question 35

T or F Calcium bonds to calmodium in smooth muscle

Answer 35

True

Question 36

T or F Motor unit is functional unit if skeletal muscle

Answer 36

F

Question 37

Multi unit smooth muscle cells are linked by gap junctions

Answer 37

F

Question 38

T or F Anaerobic capacity is limited by production of lactic acid

Answer 38

T

Question 39

Passive tension is generated in skeletal muscle by which tissue?

Answer 39

Connective

Question 40

Which three things can influence single unit smooth muscle to relax or contract

Answer 40

Hormones Heat/ cold Metabolic factors