Final Exam Review Flashcards by Charlotte Schrimsher

Glucose/ amino acids reabsorbed
Reabsorption of water, NaCl, HCO3
some secretion of H+, drugs/ poisons

What’s happening in PCT

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Reabsorbs but doesn’t secrete
Permeable to water, NOT IONS

Function= concentrates filtrate

Descending loop of Henle

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Reabsorbs but doesn’t secrete
Permeable to ions, NOT WATER
NaCl reabsorbed

Function= dilutes filtrate

Ascending loop of Henle

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Fine regulation of ions NaCl & HCO3 reabsorbed, K+ secretion/ Na+ reabsorbed
pH- H+ secretion

DCT

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Bladder stretches receptors
Spinal cord
Parasympathetic neurons stimulate bladder wall muscle
Relaxation of urethral sphincter

Micturition reflex

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Is this normal in urine?
Glucose
Bilirubin
Proteins
Ketones
Hemoglobin
Red blood cells
White blood cells

No, it’s abnormal urine

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Is this normal in urine?
Ammonia odor
pH 4.5-8
Urea
Na+ K+
Phosphates
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCO3-

Yes, normal urine

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What is most abundant solute in urine?

Urea

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What is RAAS function?

Maintain/ increase MAP

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What is RAAS a pathway for and what does it stand for?

Aldosterone
Renin-antigotensin-aldosterone system

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Which system increases Na+, water reabsorption, plasma, and MAP

RAAS

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Low blood pressure stimulates kidney to produce renin

Step 1 of RAAS

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Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Step 2 of RAAS

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Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin enzyme ACE

Step 3 of RAAS

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Angiotensin 2 stimulates
1. Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
2. Increase vasopressin
3. Trigger thirst intake
4. Constrict blood vessels to increase MAP

Step 4 of RAAS

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What does ANP and BNP stand for?

Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide

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What inhibits Na+ reabsorption from nephrons and inhibits the secretion of renin, aldosterone, and vasopressin?

ANP and BNP

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Average volume of fluid filtered by Bowman’s capsule over time and is fairly constant over a wide range of blood pressure?

GFR (globular filtration rate)

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What three pressure drive bulk flow in the glomerlus?

Globular capillary blood pressure
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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Hydrostatic pressure created by blood on the inside of capillaries ( pushes fluid out of capillaries)

Globular capillary blood pressure

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Pressure created by plasma proteins in blood (hold fluid in the capillary which opposes filtration)

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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Hydrostatic pressure created by fluid inside initial portion of the tubule (opposes filtration)

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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Is the NFP always pushing the filtrate in or out of the blood?

OUT

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What are the three layers of filtration membrane from outermost to innermost?

Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Foot processes of podocyte of globular capsule

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What are the three processes of urine formation?

1. Globular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

Which step in urine formation? Non selective filtration of fluids/ solutes from globular capillaries into bowman’s capsule Filtrate becomes essential plasma

Globular filtration

Which step in urine formation? Very selective transport of substrates from filtrate, most happens in PCT, can be active or passive

Tubular reabsorption

What is reabsorbed in PCT?

99% of water 100% glucose 99.5% NaCl

Which step in urine formation? Selective transport of substrates from Peru tubular capillaries to filtrate Passive or active, gives chance to remove excess or unwanted substrates

Tubular secretion

What is secreted in tubular secretion?

K+ H+ Hormones Drugs/ medications

How many nephrons are there per kidney and what percent are there

1 million per kidney 80% is cortical nephrons 20% is juxamedullary nephrons

What are juxamedullary nephrons specialized for?

Reabsorbing water

What are nephrons

Functional unit of the kidney

What is the gross anatomy of the renal system?

Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

What is the gross anatomy of kidney

Cortex Medulla Renal pelvis Ureter

What is the function of the kidneys?

Regulates plasma Remove nitrogenous waste Produce some hormones (erythropoietin and renin)

What are the four primary functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange pH regulation protecting against inhaled pathogens Vocalization

Difference between sex and gender

Sex= anatomy, physiology, genetics, hormones Gender= identity, roles/ norms, relations

Genetic female

XX chromosomes

Genetic male

XY chromosomes

What is TDF

testes- determining factor

What does TDF trigger cells to secrete? And what effect does each secretion have?

Testosterone and DHT- promotes external genetalia development and wolffish duct development Anti-mullerian hormone- represses development of Müllerian duct (becomes uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina)

What are the two general ways for DSD/ intersex individuals to develop?

1. When there are atypical sex chromosome numbers XO (Turner syndrome) XXY (Kleinfelter syndrome) 2. Atypical response to hormones that drive gentian development

Which syndrome develop ovaries and associated structures but may have impaired fertility

Turner syndrome

Which syndrome develops testes and associated structures it may have poor testicular function

Kleinfelter syndrome

Syndrome where receptors for testosterone and DHT are nonfunctional

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Which steroid sex hormones are produced by both testes and ovaries

Androgens Estrogens Progestins

What predominantly produces testosterone and DHT

Testes

What predominantly produces estradiol and progesterone

Ovaries

Produce testosterone and sperm; matures sperm (inside epididymis)

Testes

Temperature regulation (3 C lower than normal body temp)

Scrotum

Contains three rods of spongy erectile tissue; pathway for urine and sperm

Penis

Matures sperm

Epididymis

Carries sperm to urethra

Vas deferens

Make semen

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands

Spermatogenesis

Production of sperm

Does mitosis or meiosis make sperm?

Meiosis

1. Stimulus 2. CNS stimulates 3. CNS inhibits sympathetic signals, preventing vasoconstriction to maintain erection

Erection reflex steps

Contraction of prostate and seminal vesicles to release fluids Sphincter constricts to block bladder Movement of sperm out of vas deferens into urethra

Erection emission steps

Semen expelled from urethra by series of smooth muscle contractions

Erection ejaculation steps

What relaxes the vascular smooth muscle which increases blood flow to the corpus cavernosum

Viagra

Produce eggs (ova)

Ovaries

Site of implantation, embryonic and fetal development

Uterus

Site of fertilization, gives ovum to uterus

Fallopian tube

Muscular tube from uterus to outside, birth canal

Vagina

Sexual arousal, contains spongy erectile tissue

Clitoris

How long is the menstrual cycle?

28 days long

Cyclic sloughing of the endometrial lining of the uterus

Menstruation

Cyclic production of eggs and preparation of uterus for pregnancy

Menstrual cycle

What are the two ways the menstrual cycle can be described?

Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

Uterine cycle in order and how long each stage lasts

1. Menses (Days 1-5) 2. Proliferative phase (Days 6-14) 3. Secretory phase (Days 15-28)

What happens during menses phase?

Estrogen levels gradually rise, menstrual bleeding happens

What happens during the proliferative phase?

Estrogen levels still rising Endometrium regenerates and grows in thickness (preparing for pregnancy) Ovulation occurs on day 14

What happens during secretory phase?

Levels of progesterone rise for 10 days which stimulates endometrium to keep growing Ready for implantation due to secretion of nutrients

When does ovulation occur

Day 14, proliferative phase

Which parts of cycle are part of the follicular phase?

Menses and proliferative (and ovulation)

Which part of the uterine cycle is part of the luteal phase?

Secretory phase

What hormone dominates the follicular phase

Estrogen

What hormone triggers ovulation

What hormone dominates the luteal phase?

Progesterone

What are the three mechanisms of the respiratory system

Ventilation (air in/ out of lungs) External respiration (gas exchange between air and and blood) Internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues)

What is basic anatomy of respiratory system

Thoracic muscles Airways Alveoli

Air sacs covered in capillaries

Alveoli

Thin cells specialized for gas exchange

Type 1 alveoli cells

Secrete surfactant

Type 2 alveoli cells

Reduce surface tension in air sacs of lungs and allow normal expansion

Function of surfactant

T or F Air flows from high to low pressure

True

When container volume is reduced, pressure will _____

Increase

When container volume is increased, pressure will ____

Decrease

Volume and pressure are inversely related

Boyle’s Law

Air around us

Atmospheric pressure

Air pressure inside alveoli (lungs)

Intra-alveolar pressure

Air pressure inside pleural sac (affected by diaphragm/ thoracic wall)

Intra- pleural pressure

Pressure each gas exerts in a mixture

Partial pressure

Total pressure exterted by a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted by individual gases

Dalton’s law

Where does O2 go during diffusion

Capillaries

Where does CO2 go during diffusion

Alveoli

Where does O2 go during diffusion tissues wise?

Tissues

Where does CO2 go during diffusion tissues wise?

Capillaries

What happens to deoxygenated blood after diffusion

Travels back to pulmonary capillaries

Bound to heme portion of hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (98%) Dissolved in plasma (2%)

Oxygen transported through bloodstream

Converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydride (60-70%) Bound to globin portion of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin (20-30%) Dissolved in plasma (10%)

Carbon dioxide transported in blood stream

What is the acid base balance buffer system equation?

CO2+ H2O <-> H2CO3<-> HCO3- + H+

Formation of more bicarbonate ions in blood ______ pH

Decreased

Formation of more carbon dioxide in blood _____ pH

Increases

What is the primary metabolic driver of breathing

Plasma CO2 level

What is secondary metabolic driver of breathing?

Plasma pH

Increased CO2 and H+ ions do what to breathing

Increase rate and depth of breathing

The act of breathing quick and deep

Hyperventilation

The act of breathing slow and shallow

Hypoventilation

Hemoglobin affinity ____ if Po2 is higher in the blood than in the tissues

Decrease

Hemoglobin affinity ____ as pH ____ (Bohr effect)

Decrease Decrease

Hemoglobin affinity ____ as amount of CO2 ____

Decrease Increases

Hemoglobin affinity ____ as temperature _____ from 37 C

Decrease Increases

Final Exam Review Flashcards

(114 cards)