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brain and cognition > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

the self-reference effect

A
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2
Q

Semantic dementia is always associated with damage to which brain region?

A

Anterior temporal lobe

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3
Q

How many phonemes are used for English?

A

44

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4
Q

In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually

A

Not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver

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5
Q

What is the nature of the relationship between language and thought according to the strong version of the Whorfian hypothesis?

A

Language determines thought

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6
Q

Semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

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7
Q

Syntax:

A

rules that govern word sequences

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8
Q

Parsing

A

Process of mentally grouping words from a sentence into phrases

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9
Q

Prosody

A

where you put emphasis in the sentence can change its meaning

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10
Q

Garden-path model of parsing

A

Two-stage serial processing model
Syntax processing precedes semantic processing

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11
Q

Constraint-based model of parsing

A

One stage parallel processing model
Syntax and semantic processing occur simultaneously

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12
Q

Assumption of minimal attachment
garden-path model

A

We read sentences following the easiest sentence structure

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13
Q

Critique of garden-path model

A

Semantic information influences sentence processing, and Context influences how people process sentences

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14
Q

The principle of minimal attachment refers to a:

A

Processing strategy in which the listener seeks the simplest possible phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard to that point

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15
Q

Broca’s aphasia:

A

impairment in language production
Frontal lobe

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16
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

impairment in comprehension
Temporal lobe

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17
Q

brain parts reading process

A

visual cortex->Occipito-temporal cortex (Visual Word Form Area) for Analysis of letter strings/words->Meaning, Left hemisphere dominant for language

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18
Q

Hearing Speech process

A

Acoustic Analysis Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
->Recognition of speech sounds/word form, Superior temporal gyrus responds to features, smaller units than phonemes->Recognition of speech sounds, Emotional prosody, Right hemisphere->Meaning, Left hemisphere dominant for language->

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19
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

How people think is dependent on the language they speak

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20
Q

Bilingualism

A

More people are bilingual than monolingual
Most cognitive research has been with monolingual English speakers
Bilinguals more efficiently complete the Flanker Task
Smaller region of anterior cingulate cortex needed for this conflict task!

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21
Q

Energetic masking

A

competing auditory signals)

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22
Q

Informational masking

A

(cognitive load makes speech interpretation harder)

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23
Q

Decoding speech

A

Selectively attending to speech
Extracting specific elements from the speech

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24
Q

Speech segmentation:

A

Process of dividing speech into meaning-based units

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25
Coarticulation
Production of phonemes is influenced by surrounding phonemes Can also help you predict next phoneme
26
Phonemic restoration effect
We can restore phonemes when their perception is disrupted
27
Morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
28
Phoneme
smallest unit of sound
29
Perceptual priming
Repeated presentation in same perceptual form facilitates processing Reduced when perceptual characteristics altered (e.g., CAR vs. car) Supported by sensory cortices for the primed modality
30
Conceptual priming
Presentation of a prime facilitates processing of conceptually related target Supported by lateral temporal and frontal lobes
31
Classical (pavlovian) Conditioning
Learned simple associations between stimuli
32
Positive punishment:
add a negative stimulus
33
Negative punishment:
take away a positive stimulus
34
Positive reward:
add a positive stimulus
35
Negative reward
take away a negative stimulus
36
Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence
37
The posterior dorsomedial striatum is critical for...
instrumental conditioning
38
Cognitive self
No memories before a concept of self has developed
39
Social-cultural development
Language is required to explain experiences
40
Two-stage theory
Absolute amnesia followed by relative amnesia
41
Neurogenic hypothesis
Memories are lost as new neurons replace old neurons in the hippocampus
42
Self-reference effect:
memory is better for information related to the self Increased activation of mPFC
43
Schematic knowledge
knowledge about the world Self-schemas
44
Factors that influence PM success
Higher accuracy for event-cued PM tasks 52% vs. 33% accuracy (Sellen et al., 1997) Event-cued tasks are externally signaled whereas time-cued tasks are internally signaled
45
Focal vs. non-focal tasks
Focal tasks involve the processing of the cue as part of the ongoing task whereas non-focal tasks do not Lower accuracy/slower RTs during non-focal tasks Frontal lobe especially critical for non-focal tasks
46
Hebb's hypothesis
neurons that fire together, wire together
47
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Enhancement of synaptic strength as a result of repetitive high-frequency associative firing Caused by addition of receptors to membrane of postsynaptic neuron
48
Subsequent memory effect
Greater activity to later remembered than familiar and forgotten stimuli
49
Critical regions for memory retrieval
Middle frontal gyrus Posterior parietal cortex
50
Dorsal PPC, which is involved in...
endogenous/top-down attention, is more active for familiar and low confidence stimuli at retrieval Positive SME at encoding/Negative effect at retrieval
51
Ventral PPC, which is involved in...
exogenous/bottom-up attention, more active for recollected and high confidence stimuli at retrieval Negative SME at encoding/Positive effect at retrieval
52
how does retrograde amnesia differ from anterograde?
Often graded and extended for episodic memories Less extended for semantic memories
53
The hippocampus is critical for...
episodic memory
54
Patients with hippocampal damage show retrograde amnesia for events
≤ 5 years before the onset of the amnesia but not earlier
55
semantic dementia
caused by atropy of the left anterior temporal lobe, have relatively intact episodic memory impaired semantic memory
56
The perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal regions are important for
formation of semantic memories
57
Semantic memories stored in
anterior temporal lobe
58
Hub-and-spoke model of semantic memory
Anterior temporal lobe serves as a hub for connecting characteristics for semantic memory
59
recollection vs familiarity
Recollection: Memory for contextual details Familiarity: Overall assessment of memory strength Familiarity: Anterior parahippocampus/perirhinal cortex Recollection: Hippocampus
60
Source Memory tasks
measure recollection based on accuracy for a detail learned during the task
61
Semantic memories are stored as
concepts
62
mental representations formed from
experience
63
Superordinate
broad definition
64
subordinate
very specific
65
basic categorization
the first answer that would usually come to mind The basic level maximizes informativeness and distinctiveness
66
Knowledge Representation
Concepts are arranged in networks Nodes represent concepts Relations represented links among sets of nodes
67
Cognitive economy:
Shared properties only stored at higher-level nodes
68
Spreading activation
If node is activated, activity spreads to connected links Concepts often activated are primed and more easily accessed from memory
69
Ganong effect
is the tendency to perceive an ambiguous speech sound as a phoneme that would complete a real word, rather than completing a nonsense/fake word
70
Phonemic restoration effect
under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard
71
Word frequency effect
recognition times are faster for words seen more frequently than for words seen less frequently.
72
Word superiority effect
people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword strings.
73
Reduplication
Boogie-woogie, easy-peasy,a word formation process in which some part of a base (a segment, syllable, morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right of the word or, occasionally, within the middle of the word.
74
what part of the brain is responsible for semantic memory
anterior temporal lobe
75
what part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory
medial temporal
76
what part of the brain is responsible for skill learning
basal ganglia

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