final

Question 1

Problem solving

Answer 1

process of determining how to achieve a goal when an immediate solution is not readily apparent

Question 2

Knowledge-rich problem

Answer 2

Problem requires specific knowledge

Question 3

Knowledge-lean problem

Answer 3

Information included as part of the problem

Question 4

Reproductive thinking

Answer 4

systematic reuse of previous experiences

Question 5

Productive thinking

Answer 5

involves a novel restructuring of the problem, often associated with insight

Question 6

Metcalfe (1986)

Answer 6

gave participants problem
Warmth ratings show more dramatic change for insight problems than algebra problems
Warmth ratings were similar for correct AND incorrect answers
We are poor at
understanding processes ‘
that lead to problem
solving

Question 7

problem solving coponents and definition

Answer 7

initial state
goal state
operators- actions to change your state
path constraints- rules that have to be followed when solving the problem
problem space- ap of every possible solution

Question 8

hill-climbing strategy

Answer 8

choose the option that you think will move you closest to your goal
problem- sometimes you need to move farther away first

Question 9

means-end analysis

Answer 9

compare your current state to your goal state

Question 10

progress monitoring

Answer 10

access the rate of progress made toward a goal

Question 11

analogical problem solving

Answer 11

For the analogy to be effective, you MUST be able to draw the parallel between the old and new problems

Question 12

functional fixedness

Answer 12

tendency to restrict use of an object to its familiar functions

Question 13

mental set

Answer 13

beliefs, habits, or strategies used to solve a problem

Question 14

how are experts different from laymen (6)

Answer 14

experts are faster and ore accurate problem solvers, automaticity, more efficient at processing info, and rely ore on experience and less on formal rules, and experts focus ore on deep structures of a problem than surface-level properties, experts have a larger number and more effective strategies for solving problems

Question 15

how many hours does it take to become an expert at something

Answer 15

10 thousand hours

Question 16

induction

Answer 16

inference of a general principle from specific observations

Question 17

deduction

Answer 17

inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle

Question 18

attribute substitutions

Answer 18

the info that u need is not readily available so u substitute another attribute for it

Question 19

availability heuristic

Answer 19

frequency judgements based on how easy it is to retrieve examples from memory

Question 20

representativeness heuristic

Answer 20

category judgement made based on how representative/typical the exemplar is of the prototype

Question 21

conjunction rule

Answer 21

probability of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents

Question 22

base rate info

Answer 22

info abt event frequency in the pop

Question 23

utility theory

Answer 23

weighing costs benefits

Question 24

confirmation bias

Answer 24

greater emphasis and focus on info that confirms vs challenges your views

Question 25

Forms of confirmation bias

Answer 25

seek evidence that confirms your belief Fail to adjust beliefs after disconfirming evidence is found Belief perseverance Reinterpret/try to find flaws in disconfirming evidence Better memory for confirming evidence Fail to consider alternative hypotheses

Question 26

Categorical syllogisms

Answer 26

logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion- Premise 1: All birds are animals. Premise 2: All animals eat food. Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food

Question 27

syllogisms can be

Answer 27

valid or invalid

Question 28

Falsification principle

Answer 28

to test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule

Question 29

Components of Emotions

Answer 29

Feelings Expressive behavior Physiological responses Autonomic Hormonal Epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline) Norepinephrine (i.e., noradrenaline) Cortisol

Question 30

Theories of Emotion Classification

Answer 30

Categorical Dimensional

Question 31

6 basic emotions

Answer 31

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness, inate across cultures

Question 32

Complex emotions are

Answer 32

learned and vary across cultures Jealousy Shame Guilt Embarrassment Politeness Pride Loneliness

Question 33

Emotions are classified using a

Answer 33

continuous scale Bartnett and Russell (1998) Valence (i.e., pleasantness) Arousal (i.e., intensity)

Question 34

James-Lange Theory of Emotion vs cannon-bard theory

Answer 34

JL- stim-physiological-cognitive CB-stim-activity in thalamus-cognitive and physiological happens at same time

Question 35

Right-hemisphere hypothesis

Answer 35

Emotion primarily processed by right hemisphere Favorable evidence Speech prosody (inflection, rhythm, and stress) Favorable evidence Left side of an individuals face is more expressive

Question 36

Valence hypothesis

Answer 36

Positive emotions processed by left hemisphere Negative emotions processed by right hemisphere Frontal asymmetry Greater left frontal activity to positive stimuli Baseline left frontal asymmetry greater for controls relative to depressed and anxious adults

Question 37

Motivational direction model (approach/withdrawal

Answer 37

Approach behaviors are supported by the left hemisphere Withdrawal is supported by the right hemisphere Favorable evidence Anger is related to greater left frontal asymmetry

Question 38

Vertical Integration Models

Answer 38

Considers the effect of cortical and subcortical (e.g., limbic) regions on emotional processing

Question 39

Process model of emotion regulation

Answer 39

Dorsal fronto-parietal regions (involved in exogenous attention) more active when trying to regulate emotions Amygdala and insula are targets of prefrontal modulation and activity increases or decreases based on emotion regulation goal

Question 40

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 40

Other-blame- anger Self-blame- guilt Threat- fear/anxiety Helplessness- sadness

Question 41

Happy music when driving lead to

Answer 41

Slower speeds Poorer driving performance

Question 42

Zoom lens model

Answer 42

High motivational intensity leads to narrowing Low motivational intensity leads to broadening Most negative emotions are high intensity, but sadness is not More details recalled for sad memories than memories that evoked anger or fear

Question 43

Mood congruity

Answer 43

Retrieved more pleasant positive memories when positive mood induced, more unpleasant when negative mood induced

Question 44

Mood-state dependent memory

Answer 44

Induce mood with music (happy/sad

Question 45

Amygdala activity at encoding ->

Answer 45

Better memory

Question 46

inducing emotions-> judgment

Answer 46

Fear/anxiety->pessimistic judgments happiness->optimistic judgements

Question 47

Inducing emotions -> Driving

Answer 47

Road rage associated with poorer driving decisions More lane changes Greater speed variability Reduced speed less when approaching pedestrians More collisions with pedestrians

Question 48

Heuristic

Answer 48

reasonably efficient and accurate strategy used to make decisions

Question 49

Factors that Influence Decision Making

Answer 49

Framing of Outcomes (e.g., gain vs. risk) Options present Anchoring Affective forecasting

Question 50

affective forecasting

Answer 50

the ability to predict future emotions associated with events

Question 51

conditional syllogisms

Answer 51

if a (antecedent), then b (consequent)