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Genetics 3060 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Which statement best describes synthesis of the lagging strand?
A. It proceeds 5’-3’ away from replication fork
B. It proceeds 3’-5’ toward replication fork
C. It proceeds 5’-3’ toward replication fork
D. It proceeds 3’-5’ away from replication fork

A

A

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2
Q

At a single origin of replication, how many leading strand primers are required?

A

2

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3
Q

According to the selfish DNA hypothesis, transposons exist because
A. The contain characteristics taht allow them to multiply within the chromosomal DNA of living cells
B. They promote the expression of certain beneficial genes
C. The offer the gist a selective advantage

A

A

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4
Q

Simple transposition is also called ________ transposition

A

Conservative

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5
Q

In simple transposition,
A. A single strand is moved, leaving a single strand behind
B. A plasmid is incorporated into cells chromosome
C. Viral DNA is incorporated into cells chromosome
D. A double stranded piece of DNA is moved from one site to another

A

D

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6
Q

The ends of simple transposable element contain _____ repeats

A

Inverted

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7
Q

The enzyme ______ catalyses simple transposition

A

Transposase

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8
Q

T or F
In simple transposition, the transposable element ends up between two direct repeats of the target sequence

A

True

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9
Q

A transposon integrates into a yeast genome. The yeast is mutagenized in such a way that the sequence of one of the inverted repeats flanking the transposon is altered. What effects do you predict this would have on the migration of the transposon?

A

Transposon would no longer be able to migrate through genome

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10
Q

An inverted repeat on an insertion element has the sequence 5’-AGTCAT-3’. What will be the sequence of the inverted repeat at the end of the insertion element in the same strand?

A

5’-ATGACT-3’

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11
Q

What are functions of AT- rich region and DnaA boxes

A

DnaA boxes recognized by DnaA proteins which bind to them and cause DNA strands to separate at AT- rich region

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12
Q

What causes creation of two replication forks?

A

DNA helicase separating DNA

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13
Q

A site in a chromosome where DNA replication begins is
A. A promoter
B. Origin of replication
C. An operator
D. A replication fork

A

B

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14
Q

The origin of replication in E. Coli contains
A. An AT-rich region
B. DnaA boxes
C. GATC methylation sites
D. All of the above

A

D

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15
Q

What are 5 proteins in E. coli with DNA polymerase activity?

A
  1. DNA poly
  2. DNA poly 3
  3. DNA poly 2
  4. DNA poly 6
  5. DNA poly 5
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16
Q

Which of 5 proteins helps with normal DNA replication?

A

DNA poly 1
DNA poly 3

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17
Q

Which of 5 proteins helps with repair and replication of damaged DNA

A

DNA pol 2
DNA pol 6
DNA pol 5

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18
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of the phosphodiester bond between nucleotides are called

A

DNA polymerases

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19
Q

The enzyme known as _____ uses ______ and separates the DNA strands at the replication fork

A

Helicase, ATP

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20
Q

In a lagging strand, DNA is made in the direction _____ the replication fork and is made as ______

A

Away from
Okazaki fragments

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21
Q

DNA polymerase 3 is a processive enzyme, which means that
A. It does not dissociate from the template strand after it has attatched a nucleotide to the 3’ end of the daughter strand
B. It makes new strands very quickly
C. It proceeds toward the opening of the replication fork
D. It copies DNA with relatively few errors

A

A

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22
Q

The proofreading function of DNA polymerase involves the recognition of a ______ and the removal of a short segment of DNA in the _____ direction

A

Base pair match
3’ to 5’

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23
Q

Which statement best describes synthesis of the lagging strand?

A

Proceeds 5’-3’ away from replication fork

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24
Q

Is AUG or ATG the start codon

A

AUG- RNA
ATG- DNA

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25
T or F Promoter sequence is always transcribed from DNA to mRNA
False
26
T or F Ribosome binding site is transcribed but does not code for amino acids
True
27
What are three stages of transcription?
Initiation Elongation Termination
28
Initiation stage
RNA polymerase binds to DNA
29
Elongation stage
RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA
30
Termination stage
RNA polymerase stops synthesizing RNA
31
Elongation T or F Coding strand has same sequence as mRNA transcript? Is it read?
True False, not read
32
Elongation T or F The template strand read and has same sequence as mRNA transcript
False, is read but doesn’t have same sequence as mRNA transcript
33
Why is transcription more complex in eukaryotes?
Larger organisms/ cells Cellular complexity (organelles) Genetic complexity (chromosomes have more genes) Multicellularity
34
What does DBFEH stand for?
DNA Binding First, Eventually Helicase
35
TFII__ binds to TATA box and recruits TFII__
TFIID TFIIB
36
TFII__ recruits TFII__ which is bound to RNA poly 2
TFIIB TFIIF
37
What is the role of TATA box
Provides precise starting point for transcription of eukaryotic protein coding genes
38
The central dogma of genetics states that the usual flow of genetic information is from
DNA to mRNA to polypeptide
39
During _____, transcription factors bind to the gene promoter followed by ________
Initiation RNA polymerase
40
During ______, RNA polymerase slides along the DNA in an open complex to synthesize _____
Elongation RNA
41
During _______, a sequence is reached that causes RNA polymerase and the RNA transcript to dissociate from the _____
Termination DNA
42
How would deletion of enhancers effect rate of transcription in eukaryotes?
Lower
43
How would addition of extra enhancers effect rate of transcription in eukaryotes?
Higher
44
How would addition of silencers effect rate of transcription in eukaryotes?
Lower
45
How would movement of gene’s cis-acting element to a different chromosome effect rate of transcription in eukaryotes?
Lower
46
How would movement of the gene for a trans-acting factor to a different chromosome effect rate of transcription in eukaryotes?
No effect
47
Site for binding of regulatory proteins which influence rate of transcription
Regulatory sequences
48
Site for RNA polymerase binding
Promoter
49
Site where transcription ends
Terminator sequence
50
Translation begins near this site in the mRNA
Ribosome binding site
51
Specifies first amino acid in polypeptide sequence, usually formylmethionine (in bacteria) and methionine (in eukaryotes)
Start codon
52
Group of three nucleotides that specifiy the different amino acids. Order of these determines sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide
Codon
53
Specifies end of polypeptide synthesis
Stop codon
54
Transcription via RNA polymerase 2 terminates downstream from a ____ signal
Poly A
55
In the ______ model of transcription termination, RNA polymerase 2 disassociates from the DNA possibly from the release of elongation factors or the binding of termination factors
Allosteric
56
In the ______ model of transcriptional termination, an ______ binds to the RNA, catches up to RNA polymerase 2 and causes termination
Torpedo Exonuclease
57
Transcription terminates on which end of the molecule
3’
58
If a linear DNA molecule containing a single origin of replication is replicated, will the leading and lagging strands ever meet?
Yes at origin of replication
59
What breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands?
DNA helicase
60
What alleviates positive supercoiling?
Topisomerase 2
61
What keeps parental strands separated at replication fork?
Single stranded binding proteins
62
What synthesizes a daughter strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase 3
63
What excises the RNA primers and hills in with DNA?
DNA polymerase 1
64
What covalently links the Okazaki fragments together?
DNA ligase
65
During the synthesis of a new molecule of DNA, the template strand is read ______ and the daughter strand is synthesized
3’- 5’ 5’- 3’
66
What enzymes play a role in RNA primer removal in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA polymerase 1 and primase
67
An enzyme that can synthesize long stretches of DNA but is very error prone
High processivity
68
An enzyme that is highly accurate but can only synthesize short stretches of DNA
High fidelity
69
An enzyme that falls off of the template DNA quickly and is error prone
Neither
70
DNA replication is said to be how conservative
Semi conservative
71
What DNA sequence is complementary to 5’ TAGAC 3’
5’ GTCTA 3’
72
T or F DNA replication machinery is assembled at the replication fork
True
73
T or F Before DNA replication can occur the hydrogen bonds between the two parental DNA strands must be broken
True
74
DNA polymerase side their ____ activity to remove a mismatched pair
3’ —-> 5’ exonuclease
75
T or F Improper base pairing during DNA replication causes a pause in chain elongation
True
76
T or F Following base removal DNA polymerase can add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction
Truw
77
DNA polymerase a can’t replicate
The 3’ end of linear chromosomes
78
Telomerase is unique because it contains
An RNA molecule
79
______ adds new NDA to longer strand of telomere overhang
Telomerase
80
T or F Telomeres consist of direct repeat sequences
True
81
T or F In absense of telomerase activity chromosomes are shortened slightly after every round of replication
True
82
What is role of AT- rich regions in initiation of DNA replication? A. AT rich regions have two hydrogen bonds per base pair and separate when DNA bends B. AT rich regions have three hydrogen bonds per base pair to stabilize the replisome C. The AT rich regions bind to DnaA
A
83
Sigma factor is needed during the ____ of transcription
Initiation
84
During the elongation phase of transcription, RNA polymerase slides along the DNA producing RNA in the _____ direction
5’ to 3’
85
The DNA strand known as the _____ strand is used to make a complementary copy of RNA as the RNA- DNA hybrid
Template
86
T or F The difference in transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes occur mainly in the initiation and termination steps while elongation is fairly similar between the two
True
87
T or F Eukaryotes use a single RNA polymerase to transcribe different categories of genes while prokaryotes have three
False
88
T or F Eukaryotic transcriptional termination may occur via the rho dependent model or rho independent model
False
89
T or F In eukaryotic transcription, five general transcription factors and RNA polymerase assemble together to form a pre-initiation complex
True
90
T or F RNA transcripts can be modified in a variety of ways which include processing, splicing, 5’ capping, 3’ poly A tailing, RNA editing, and base modification
True
91
T or F Certain RNA molecules such as rRNA’s and tRNA’s are processed to smaller functional molecules via cleavage
True
92
What recognizes promoter region
Sigma factor
93
What event happens first in prokaryotic transcription?
Formation of holoenzyme
94
T or F RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase is complementary to the template strand of DNA
True
95
The transcription enzyme first attaches to the _____ of gene
Promoter
96
T or F Terminator of gene is located upstream of coding region
False
97
The kozak rule determines
Choice of start codon in eukaryotes
98
What is significant between translation in bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells?
Bacteria can couple transcription and translation
99
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is found on the
mRNA
100
What is involved in imitation of translation?
mRNA and small ribosomal unit
101
What is path of tRNA through ribosome during translation?
A site to P site to E site
102
T or F An uncharged tRNA is one that is not carrying an amino acid
True
103
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the
A site
104
The protein that promotes translation is called
Release factor
105
Can a tRNA recognize a stop codon?
No
106
T or F Completed polypeptide is released from the tRNA that is the E site
False, released from P site
107
T or F Translation termination concludes with the dissociation of the two ribosomal subunits and mRNA from each other
Teuw
108
Correct tRNA is matched to each codon in the mRNA based on
Three nucleotides in middle of its tRNA sequence

Genetics 3060 (3 decks)

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