exam 3

Question 1

pulling apart of tectonic plates

Answer 1

divergence

Question 2

pushing together of tectonic plates

Answer 2

convergence

Question 3

sliding across of tectonic plates

Answer 3

transform

Question 4

most recent ice age, 2.6 million -12,000 years ago

Answer 4

Pleistocene age

Question 5

periods of glacial advance

Answer 5

glaciations

Question 6

periods of glacial retreat

Answer 6

interglacials

Question 7

theory that explains climate change through astronomical variations in earths orbit

Answer 7

Minankovich theory

Question 8

geomorphic processes originating within the earth

Answer 8

endogenic processes - ie. tectonics

Question 9

geomorphic processes from outside the earth

Answer 9

exogenic processes- ie. weathering

Question 10

pushes crustal rocks together

Answer 10

compressional

Question 11

pull crustal rocks apart

Answer 11

tensional

Question 12

slides rocks along one another

Answer 12

shearing

Question 13

two ways in which compressional rocks can react

Answer 13

folding, bending or crumpling (less common)
faulting, rocks disconnect and slide above or below one another

Question 14

what do shearing forces commonly displace?

Answer 14

rivers, railroad tracks, roads

Question 15

the point that lies directly above the focus of an earthquake

Answer 15

epicenter

Question 16

measures intensity of shaking- subjective

Answer 16

mercalli scale

Question 17

measures the amplitude of waves- capped at magnitude 7

Answer 17

Richter scale

Question 18

measures amount of energy, most objective

Answer 18

Moment Magnitude Scale

Question 19

igneous processes that are extrusive, lava

Answer 19

volcanism

Question 20

igneous processes that are intrusive, magma

Answer 20

plutonism

Question 21

blasts molten material into the air

Answer 21

explosive eruption

Question 22

flowing streams of lava

Answer 22

effusive eruption

Question 23

gentle slope volcano, low angle
-> non explosive eruptions

Answer 23

shield volcano

Question 24

opposite of shield cones
->explodes pyroclastic materials

Answer 24

cinder cone volcano

Question 25

strato volanoes, a combination of shield and cinder cone -> sometimes explodes, sometimes flows

Answer 25

composite cone volcano

Question 26

depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses, then water fills the hole

Answer 26

caldera

Question 27

irregular intrusive landform- smaller than 100km

Answer 27

stock

Question 28

irregular intrusive landform- larger than 100 km

Answer 28

batholith

Question 29

mushroom shaped intrusive landform- can push other layers upward

Answer 29

laccolith

Question 30

landform (magma) intrudes between layers HORIZONTALLY- does not push them

Answer 30

sill

Question 31

landform intrudes and cuts VERTICALLY

Answer 31

dike

Question 32

location where 75% of earth's volcanoes lie, and where 90% of earthquakes occur

Answer 32

Pacific Ring of Fire

Question 33

overlaying materials expand and break off, sometimes called exfoliation

Answer 33

unloading- physical weathering

Question 34

common in desert reasons, due to temperature highs and lows, expanding and contracting rocks

Answer 34

thermal expansion and contraction- physical weathering

Question 35

water gets into cracks and freezes, therefore expanding the cracks

Answer 35

freeze-thaw -physical weathering

Question 36

water evaporates and leaves salt behind which can expand- common in arid and rocky coastal regions

Answer 36

growth of salt crystals -physical weathering

Question 37

iron in rocks oxides and creates rust

Answer 37

oxidation -chemical weathering

Question 38

acidic rainwater

Answer 38

solution and carbonation- chemical weathering

Question 39

acid separates ions, and water carries it away

Answer 39

solution

Question 40

co2 in particular is dissolved- mostly occurs with limestone

Answer 40

carbonation

Question 41

humid conditions and water

Answer 41

hydrolysis

Question 42

most common on slopes- mass wasting type

Answer 42

soil creep

Question 43

common in high-latitude regions that have permafrost- land moves when thawed, and does not when frozen

Answer 43

solifluction

Question 44

SLOW mass wasting types

Answer 44

soil creep and solifluction

Question 45

FAST mass wasting types

Answer 45

falls/rockfalls, avalanche, slides, slows

Question 46

common in steep, mountainous areas- occurs in spring after snowmelt

Answer 46

falls/ rockfalls

Question 47

snow, rocks, or debris fall quickly- categorized by smaller "powdery" particles

Answer 47

avalanche

Question 48

continuous contact with bedding plane-debris, slumps, landslides

Answer 48

slides

Question 49

fast and more dangerous- debris (bigger gravels), mudflow (clay and silt), lahars (volcanic ash and mud)

Answer 49

slows

Question 50

water from precipitation soaking into the ground

Answer 50

lithification

Question 51

water from lithification seeps deeper and becomes groundwater

Answer 51

percolation

Question 52

highest layer of subsurface water zone- pore spaces have air, and are not always saturated depending on precipitation levels. drains through percolation

Answer 52

aeration

Question 53

water in aeration zone is known as:

Answer 53

soil water

Question 54

pore spaces are nonexistent- soil is fully saturated

Answer 54

saturation

Question 55

water in saturation zone is called:

Answer 55

groundwater

Question 56

marks the upper limit of saturation, fluctuates with precipitation levels and climate

Answer 56

water table