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Physiology 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Self accelerating phase

A

First phase, exponential growth, cells divide constantly- as it goes on mechanisms become more complex and cell division slows

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2
Q

Sigmoidal curve

A

Cumulative weight is expressed as total weight at any given time, stair stepped shape

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3
Q

Point of inflection

A

Phase 2- Maximum growth velocity then growth rate decreases, greatest ADG and happens at puberty

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4
Q

Self-decelerating phase

A

Phase 3- Decreasing rate of growth, reduced growth rate controlled by somatostatin by hypothalamus

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5
Q

Asymptote

A

Phase 4- When food intake matches maintenance requirements, mature body weight, can fluctuate

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6
Q

Senescence and death

A

Failure of vital systems, after reproductive phase of life, ensures space for next generation

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7
Q

Models of growth

A

Chronological age and physiological age

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8
Q

Different types of growth curves

A

Cumulative growth, absolute growth, relative growth

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9
Q

Chronological age

A

Age in absolute time units, factors that influence the curve are nutrition, disease, stress, and activity level

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10
Q

Physiological age

A

Specific physical or chemical stages of maturity, height, weight, composition, puberty- can be same physiological ages at different chronological ages

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11
Q

Cumulative growth curve

A

Plot of total animal weight over time, results in S shaped curve- not easy to use when determining period of maximum growth (point of inflection)

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12
Q

Absolute growth rate curve

A

Plots gain per unit of time against time- an animals growth rate changes as animal grows

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13
Q

Relative growth rate curve

A

Growth in relation to total weight, can describe whole body or individual tissue growth- relative growth is greatest when young then decreases as animal grows

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14
Q

Components of whole body growth

A

Sum of growth of many different tissues that develop at different rates (John Hammond)

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15
Q

Two observations of whole body growth

A

Body components that are more physiologically important develop first, extremities complete their development first

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16
Q

Allometric growth

A

Proportions of the animal are determined by the overall body size (constant relationship between tissue/organ and whole body)- Julian Huxley (fiddler crab)

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17
Q

Testing allometric growth

A

Animals were underfed during test- when nutrition is limiting the tissues have a different priority
for nutrients, based on the sequence in which they developed

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18
Q

Early developing muscles

A

Distal aspects of thoracic and hind limbs

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19
Q

Late developing muscles

A

Abdominal muscles, neck to thoracic limb (weight bearing duties)

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20
Q

Isometric growth

A

Muscles developing at similar rate to the rest of the body

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21
Q

Absolute basis

A

Cumulative weight gain over time

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22
Q

Percent basis

A

Proportion of the total body weight over time

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23
Q

Order of tissue development

A

Bone, muscle, then fat

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24
Q

Components of bone, muscle, and fat

A

Water, protein, lipid, ash

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25
Q

Percent growth and whole body composition

A

Describes muscle, fat and bone as a percentage of the whole body, fat becomes a larger portion of the body with age while bone and muscle get smaller

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26
Q

Muscle composition

A

Water content greatest early in life then decreases with age, absolute and percentage protein content increases with age

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27
Q

Adipose composition

A

Water content of fat cells is high early, then decreases, protein content is high early then decreases

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28
Q

Bone composition

A

Water content is high early , then decreases, protein content is greatest early then decreases, absolute mineral content increases with age, fat content tends to increases in bone

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29
Q

Connective tissue composition

A

Absolute amount increases with age- collage and elastin increases significantly with muscle development then decreases with age, as muscle atrophies with age, percentage of CT increases

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30
Q

Factors affecting growth

A

Animals grow according to interactions between genes and the environment they are exposed to (G+E=P)

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31
Q

Where do genetic differences come from

A

Evolution and mutations that arise in genes

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32
Q

Species

A

Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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33
Q

Species muscle distribution

A

Distribution of muscle has been altered by selection/domestication- wild animals (hind leg agility and speed) domesticated (abdominal muscles because of rumen)

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34
Q

Pig muscle distribution

A

Increased muscles around spinal column which extend backbone for rooting action

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35
Q

Domesticated Ruminant muscle distribution

A

Increased muscle in front legs to bear weight associated with grazing for long periods of time and the rumen to digest large quantities of feed

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36
Q

Wild ruminant muscle distribution

A

Increased muscle in rear legs to travel long distances and escape predators

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37
Q

Breeds

A

Animals within a species that breeders have placed selection pressure on for different traits

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38
Q

Cattle breeds

A

Selected for meat and milk production, have resulted in large frame (later maturing) and small frame (early maturing) cattle- a frame score is given

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39
Q

Small and large frame comparisons

A

Large framed animals are physiologically younger, large are leaner than small at same age

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40
Q

Beef vs dairy

A

Selection for muscle is inversely related to milk production, milk animals are less muscular with reduced muscle fiber

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41
Q

Wool vs meat sheep

A

Selection for muscle is inversely related to wool, production, wool breeds have larger frames, meat breeds measure by muscle: bone ratios- superior in this area

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42
Q

Maternal vs meat pigs

A

Selection for muscle is inversely related to the ability to conceive and produce milk for young

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43
Q

Intact male factors

A

Capable of higher body weights than castrates and females, attain compositional maturity latest, heavier at any given chronological age

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44
Q

Female factors

A

mature earliest of sex classes except pigs- gilts mature later and reach heavier weights than barrows, leaner than barrows, associated with enhanced muscle development by estrogen

45
Q

Muscle differences in sex

A

intact males have greater muscle in forequarter, neck, and thorax (due to secondary sex characteristics), castrates are intermediate, and females have increased pelvic limb and abdominal wall muscle

46
Q

Skeleton differences in sex

A

Intact males tend to be taller, androgens increase periosteal bone growth more than estrogens so males will have thicker bones than females

47
Q

Factors affecting growth

A

Stress, disease, activity, nutrition

48
Q

Nutrition

A

Consuming nutrients beyond maintenance levels allows for growth, production and reproduction- determines composition of growth

49
Q

What do Nutrient requirements do

A

Maintain vital organs and bodily functions, body tissues to grow

50
Q

Nutrient partitioning

A

Utilization of nutrients is partitioned among various tissues and organs according to their physiological importance - John Hammond

51
Q

Conditions of altered nutrient partitioning

A

Pregnancy- fetus holds priority similar to vital organs, transition from non lactating to lactating (change from tissue gain to supporting lactation)

52
Q

Nutrition energy balance

A

Positive: nutrients are plentiful, negative: nutrient intake is not sufficient enough to meet needs

53
Q

Compensatory growth

A

Animals growth after a period of nutritional stress

54
Q

How can animals catch up nutritionally?

A

Low basal metabolism during nutrient restriction due to decreased visceral weight, maintained for a time during realimentation, increase in feed intake during realimentation contributes to growth

55
Q

Severity in compensatory growth

A

Severity of nutrient restriction and stage of growth curve at which restriction takes place can influence how much compensatory growth occurs - can delay catch up period and severe starvation can permanently stunt growth (enhances onset of fattening)

56
Q

Dietary protein nutritional growth requirements

A

More important in monogastric animals, (microbial protein for ruminants)- biological value

57
Q

What results in an increase of fat deposition for dietary protein

A

Diets with sufficient energy but insufficient protein for tissue

58
Q

What types of animals require an increase in protein

A

Males, working animals, genetically selected animals

59
Q

What is dietary energy required for

A

Maintenance and growth of new tissue- energy required for maintenance increases with size

60
Q

Energy required for growth depends on

A

Genetics, sex class, growth curve, hormone treatments

61
Q

Microbial cells vs animal cells

A

Animals contain >10x more microbial than animal cells

62
Q

Microorganisms

A

Affect the growth of domestic animals - increased growth rate of animals in depleted environment (better sanitation increases growth rate)

63
Q

Why does exposure to microbes reduce performance

A

Nutrient and energy cost of response takes away from growth - growth and performance is inverse to immunity

64
Q

Strategies to limit the effects of microorganisms on growth and performance

A

Vaccinations, antibiotic treatments, high level biosecurity

65
Q

What does physical and social stress effect

A

hypthalamo- pituitary- adrenal axis- glucocorticoids inhibit growth

66
Q

Transportation stress

A

Temperature/wind, motions, social group

67
Q

Housing stress

A

New social order and hierarchy (bringing up together results in less injuries and better growth)

68
Q

Physical activity

A

Any body movement that works your muscles and requires more energy than resting

69
Q

Exercise on bone

A

Increases bone mass, density, and size

70
Q

Exercise on fat

A

Provides vital energy substrate- especially aerobic exercise

71
Q

What induces IGF-1 and GH release

A

Resistance and endurance exercise- depends on exercise intensity

72
Q

How do immune system cells interact?

A

Through direct contact and through chemical messengers and receptors

73
Q

Two types of immune system cells

A

Innate and adaptive- exists preinfectional vs mature on exposure

74
Q

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow

A

Production of blood cells- myeloid and lymphoid

75
Q

Where does matruation of lymphocytes occur

A

Central lymphoid organs

76
Q

Classes of lymphocytes

A

Killer cells, B lymphocytes, gamma delta T cells

77
Q

Where do immune responses happen?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, skin, mucosal immune system

78
Q

Spleen

A

Major immune response site to blood borne pathogens, both lymphoidal and hematopoietic

79
Q

Red pulp

A

Destruction of old red blood cells

80
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphoid immune responses- T cell areas

81
Q

Lymphoid follicles w/ germinal centers

A

B cell areas

82
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells, circulating monocytes, macrophages

83
Q

What goes on during an adaptive immune response

A

Recognition, activation and proliferation, homeostasis, differentiation

84
Q

What can be transferred once immune responses are induced

A

Antibodies and lymphocytes (passive immunity)

85
Q

How do innate and adaptive immunity react?

A

Innate begins the process of adaptive, adaptive can augment the abilities of innate, innate can extend the abilities of adaptive

86
Q

How can innate immunity enhance the effector functions of adaptive immunity?

A

Requires more than a signal provided by the antigen, usually second or third signal is a soluble product or surface ligand on an accessory cell

87
Q

Immunogenicity

A

The ability of a given molecule to induce an immune response, some molecules are inert, poor, or good

88
Q

General characteristics that contribute to immunogenicity

A

Size, complexity, host, chemical nature, route of uptake

89
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule that binds specifically with an antibody or T cell receptor

90
Q

Epitope

A

The actual part of an antigen that binds to an AB or T cell receptor binding site- most antigens have multiple epitopes (multivalent antigens)

91
Q

Adjuvant

A

A compound that is given with an antigen when immunizing a host to augment the immune response achieved

92
Q

Antibodies

A

A family of millions of similarly structured glycoproteins, produced by B lymphocytes

93
Q

Two broad forms that produce antibodies

A

Bound to B cell membranes and secreted soluble form (free floating)

94
Q

Antibody functions

A

Remove the Ag, neutralize the Ag, kill organism expressing Ag, trigger hypersensitive reactions

95
Q

Antibody structure

A

Two symmetrical branches each made up of two symmetrical light chains and two heavy chains

96
Q

Antibody variable regions

A

Unique AA sequences that make up their combining sites,- recognize epitopes and are “complementary” to the epitopes

97
Q

CDR’s

A

3 of them per light and heavy chain, demonstrate extremely high variability,end up in hypervariable loops

98
Q

Immunoglobulin assembly, expression

A

made on membrane bound ribosomes, and glycosylated in the rough ER, moved to the Golgi complex then the plasma membrane

99
Q

Monoclonal

A

B cells that make one specific antibody which are clones of each other

100
Q

Polyclonal

A

Antibodies found in serum- contains lots of different types

101
Q

Affinity maturation

A

A process that yields antibodies that bind tightly to their antigen - higher affinity are more dominant - B cells produce new V region structures

102
Q

Avidity

A

The true overall strength of attachment of an antibody to its antigen

103
Q

Syngeneic

A

genetically identical organisms that can accept each others skin grafts

104
Q

Allogeneic

A

will not accept tissue grafts from another organism

105
Q

MHC

A

Class one and two, genetic locus that contains several highly polymorphic genes that encode highly polymorphic cell surface proteins

106
Q

Class one MHC molecules

A

Present epitopes to CD8+ T cells, are expressed on all nucleated cells of the body

107
Q

Class two MHC molecules

A

Present epitopes to CD4+ T cells, are expressed on APC’s- Macs, dendritic cells, B cells

108
Q

Expressing MHC class one and two molecules

A

Class I are expressed on all cells, two are only expressed on antigen presenting cells- macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes

Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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