exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Biological vs. supernatural-- etiology

Answer 1

Western cultures often emphasize biological factors (genetics, neurotransmitters) → medical model Non western cultures may attribute disorders to supernatural influences (possession, curses, communication with ancestors)

Answer 2

Western cultures tend to focus on internal and individual factors (feelings, lack of mastery) Non western cultures emphasize collective factors (family dynamics, community stressors, discrimination)

Answer 3

Presentation of mental illnesses varies across cultures Some cultures (east asian cultures) report more of the somatic symptoms (headaches, stomach issues, fatigue) Other cultures (US and europe) tend to report more of the psychological experiences (sadness, worry)

Answer 4

Some cultures report more negative attitudes and beliefs about mental health Ex– east asian, middle eastern, and some african cultures Others report more accepting or tolerant attitudes Ex– western, scandinavian, and pacific islander cultures Those that harbor more negative attitudes to mental health care may prioritize seeking support from family, friends, or religious leaders, not professional mental health care

Answer 5

“Symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture” In the DSM 5, there are 9 “cultural concepts of distress” or culture-bound syndromes included Important note– these are listed in the appendix of the DSM-5, and providers in the US can't actually diagnose these Just a suggestion that culture influences mental health

Answer 6

“ones characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling”

Answer 7

sed to express and communicate a set of expected behaviors based on shared characteristic ENTJ– life's natural leaders

Answer 8

people have certain basic traits and it is the strength and intensity of those traits that account for personality differences Psychologist tend to like this one better Big 5 personality traits

Answer 9

Heritability estimate (HE) How much variation in population due to genetics Between.42 - .57 for the Big 5

Answer 10

Not so much in childhood, but increasingly so over lifetime Meta analysis of 152 longitudinal studies Trait score correlation over seven years 150 countries included with over 50,000 participants Personality gets more stable as you get older

Answer 11

Yes, but not perfectly More extreme scores means better predictors

Answer 12

More artistic/creative More career changes Less traditional relationships

Answer 13

Less time alone More night owls More value on status

Answer 14

More jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction More self-blame More emotional sensitivity

Answer 15

For example, high N and high A predicts something different than high N and and low A Perspective also matters

Answer 16

Mediator variables– there are some people who are in poverty who do not have a mental illness (and vice versa) Mediatoes– variables that help to explain the relationship between 2 other variables Explains why some people in poverty are more at risk for mental illness than others Without mediators, the relationship between two variables may even disappear

Answer 17

Poverty can cause insecurity and shame which eventually could lead to mental illness Feelings of insecurity and being shameful of your life circumstances can explain why people experiencing poverty can have mental illness

Answer 18

Comorbidity– two conditions occurring together When experiencing poverty you are more likely to face malnutrition, dehydration, etc) How can you thrive if you don't have basic needs met Maslow's hierarchy of needs Social change– feelings of isolation and loneliness Hopelessness

Answer 19

most consistently related to mental disorders (biggest mediator) Access to education is a protective factor plays a big role in access to resources and knowledge of how to navigate those resources Basic needs being met in schools Connections Instills hope– hope for change and a more fulfilling life in the future Biggest one talked about in the article

Answer 20

trying to implement or do something to prevent this relationship from ever occurring What can we do before this even happens Examples Nutrition Better access to education Literacy programs

Answer 21

intervening immediately after an incident/thing occurs Secondary prevention to prevent it from getting worse Examples Therapy Antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, etc

Answer 22

“mental abilities to learn from our experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment”

Answer 23

There have been concerns about IQ tests historically Validity Cultural applicability– IQ test is standardized to white somewhat educated men in the US Misuse – are we actually using them for good War example

Answer 24

Measured a couple facets of intelligence Performance tasks– spatial reasoning, manipulating taks, how fast they can process information Block design– make image out of different color blocks Matrix reasoning task– working from left to right or top to bottom to find the rule to see what number goes in the missing square Maze puzzle Measure how accurate and quickly they get to the answer

Answer 25

how well they can verbalize their responses “How are a horse and cow alike?” “Where might you see a real rainbow” “What is an island?”

Answer 26

Normal bell curve– most people fall around the average Average IQ– 100 Standard deviation– 15 Intellectual disability– individuals at or below 70

Answer 27

Brought in children around 8 and measured IQ Brought them back at 32 to see if those same people developed mental disorders Can IQ as a child predict mental illness as an adult Longitudinal study Was intelligence as a child protective or was it predictive? “Cognitive reserve”-- Individual differences in brain structure and how efficient we are at processing the information we are given How it protects or buffers us against mental illness How was it measured WISC– scale used to measure IQ in children

Answer 28

People with low IQ (at or below 85) are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness Negative correlation Lower childhood IQ had an increased risk of specific disorders Anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia Authors predicted it would be related to substance abuse– hypothesis was not supported High childhood IQ– risk of mania

Answer 29

SES– most strongly predictive Perinatal insult– experiencing malnourishment or illness in the womb Low birth weight Maltreatment– abuse, neglect, trauma

Answer 30

large, longitudinal, representative sample Examined poverty and risk for mental illness

Answer 31

Typically, 2-9x more mental illness across low-ses, with an average of about 3x more mental illness Poverty is one of the most significant social determinants of health and mental health Depends on the disorder and the measure used

Answer 32

The conditions of poverty precede mental illness Poverty —> mental illness

Answer 33

Mental illness preceded the “drift” into lower ses Mental illness —> poverty Causation– it's complicated and bidirectional in nature

Answer 34

Longitudinal study 34, 112 patient records Indicator of SES– zip code Indicator of MI– hospital records

Answer 35

Social causation theory was supported Poverty —> mental illness One exception Downward drift theory was supported in this research for schizophrenia and severe persistent mental illness (SPMI) Mental illness —> poverty

Answer 36

here are some people who are in poverty who do not have mental illness Vice versa Mediators– variables that help explain the relationship between 2 other variables Explains wh some people in poverty are more at risk for mental illness than others Without mediators, the relationship between two variables may even disappear

Answer 37

the most environmentally based trait Golden rule– treat others the way you want to be treated

Answer 38

most genetically based trait

Answer 39

People with low extraversion reacted more strongly to the lemon juice Introverts have higher resting arousal than extroverts introverts are already over-stimulated on average which is why being in a big setting wants you to escape to lower stimulation

Answer 40

High openness Medium neuroticism and extraversion Not super high n because public speaking/performing would be difficult Not low because it would be hard to connect with people in an emotional way Average extraversion because its not a guarantee that if you're extroverted you would be a musician and vice versa low agreeableness and consciousness Low c because usually you have people who will be highly conciseness for you– managers, agents, etc Low agreeableness- may present as kind and approachable but sometimes horror stories of them being col/rude in person

Answer 41

Northeast– DC, New York Parts of florida Parts of texas Colorado seattle/portland Most of california People are migrating– open people tend to go to these places that have a lot of stimulation More likely to continue that cycle if you start a family in one of these areas

Answer 42

in northeast– new york

Answer 43

south Southern hospitality

Answer 44

Neuroticism– consistently connected to negative mental health

Answer 45

argues neuroticism could be linked to anxiety because they exist on the same spectrum Being high on the anxiety spectrum means you are probably high on neuroticism Explains why comorbidity exists– neuroticism is comorbid with anxiety

Answer 46

Certain genes or personality traits make you more vulnerable or likely to experience something, which predisposes you to anxiety

Answer 47

Neuroticism plus a certain stressor (trauma, abuse) is what results in anxiety symptoms Symptoms might only emerge after they have experienced a certain stressor Also referred to as diathesis stress model

Answer 48

N peaks in late teens Puberty N somewhat decreases throughout adulthood

Answer 49

Easy temperament Suggesting children that are relatively calm and relaxed Good emotional self-regulation Good social skills Article states extraversion is the only protective factor for mental illness Built in social support and social skills N is risk factor for mental illness

Answer 50

“Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning” Connects to dysfunction out of the 4 d’s

Answer 51

Paranoid pd– lack of trust, suspicious of others, irritable/hostile Take innocent remarks as a threat/insult Schizoid pd– cold, uninterested in other people, aloof, anhedonic (lack of pleasure) Flat affect– limited emotional expression Overlaps a lot with major depressive disorder and autism laughing when something really scary happens Schizotypal– unusual thinking/speech/beliefs, flat/ unusual affect Believe there thoughts can impact the people around them Secret messages to them, people can hear what they are thinking

Answer 52

Borderline personality disorder– fear of abandonment, emptiness, unstable self-image/mood/intrapersonal relationships Suicidal behavior/ thoughts– requirement for this disorder More women are diagnosed– is it because the symptoms are more related to femininity or because men don't normally exhibit these symptoms Extreme trauma– thought it should not be a personality disorder, but instead complex PTSD Histrionic personality disorder– seeks attention, overly dramatic, shallow emotions, inaccurate perceptions of relationships More women tend to be diagnosed– gender bias issue? Narcissistic personality disorder– grandiose self-image, lack of empathy, fantasies about power/success, expect praise More men are diagnosed– gender bias issue? Antisocial personality disorder– lack of empathy, violates rights of others, reckless impulsivity Love interacting with people, but just to manipulate them ODD/CD are placeholders for APD in early childhood

Answer 53

Avoidant personality disorder– sensitive to criticism/rejection, isolated, extreme shyness, fear of embarrassment Dependent personality disorder– overly relies on others, submissive/clingy, lacks confidence in self Can't initiate actions without the approval of someone else Obsessive compulsive personality disorder– overly focused on details, rules, order, “perfectionist,” needs to be in control, rigid, inflexible views of morality

Answer 54

Trait approach Either high on some personality disorder characteristics or low Now have shifted it toward categorical

Answer 55

Type approach Either odd or eccentric or not Created a more rigid system of diagnosing personality disorders Easier to diagnosis but takes away the dimensional aspect

Answer 56

Transgender and non-binary folks often experience trauma and discrimination, which can result in mental illness 40% engaged in suicidal behavior Reminder– homosexuality used to considered mental illness in the DSM until 1987 “Gender dysphoria” is still a required diagnosis for those seeking gender-affirming surgery

Answer 57

Certain diagnostic criteria have been critiqued for being biased towards certain genders Ex– ADHD in young boys BPD in women Runs the risk of overpathologizing certain groups or misdiagnosing others

Answer 58

Diagnosed in women 2-9x more Potential gender/sex bias Vagueness of criteria A lot of criteria that can be subjective Significant overlap with other Personality Disorders Also overlap with other categories like PTSD Danger of overuse Heavily pathologized Most people with BPD have extensive and complex trauma history, especially sexual abuse Is it just a complex form of PTSD? Not just trauma for one event, but chronic trauma especially from childhood

Answer 59

Social workers, psychologist, and psychiatrists were asked to assess a case tailored to include symptoms of both PTSD and BPD Half received “male” case Half received “female” case

Answer 60

females were significantly more likely to receive BPD diagnosis tan the male case Psychiatrist gave BPD diagnosis significantly more Went against what they were thinking Thought medical doctors would be the best at exhibiting no bias in the way they diagnosed conditions Confirmation bias– tendency to wanting to confirm our own beliefs The more educated you are, the more likely you are to engage in confirmation bias Age of clinician-- Younger clinicians were more likely to assign BPD Also a matter of expertise Experience of clinician-- More years of experience, the more likely you were to give bias diagnosis

Answer 61

Sex bias may be influencing diagnosis of BPD vs PTSD Key questions– is that more women do actually have BPD or is that this group may be over-diagnosed due to stereotypes and biases? There is reason to believe both--maybe more women have BPD but we are still over-diagnosing

Answer 62

still an ongoing dilemma some people believe BPD should be removed but others believe there is enough uniqueness in BPD to be its own thing some people in the middle

exam 3 Flashcards

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