exam one Flashcards

Question

Influenced by attitude consistency

Answer 1

the degree of alignment between components of the tripartite model attitudes

Answer 2

Environmental vs. dispositional Heritability: Attitudes that are highly influenced by genetics are harder to change. Self-Perception Theory: People often look at their own behavior to figure out their attitudes. Equifinality Issue: Behavior can have multiple causes, not just one. Environmental Cues: Social interactions help shape our attitudes.

Answer 3

desire for consistency between thoughts, statements and behaviors When inconsistent, feeling of tension and anxiety arise Dissonance resolved though either behavioral or attitude change

Answer 4

attitudes lead to behavioral choices through people's intentions Attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, and behavioral control develop our intentions which leads to the attitudes and behavioral choices

Answer 5

the normative expectation of mutual exchange Helps build social relationships with others Ex– free samples or gifts, door in the face technique

Answer 6

following larger request with a smaller request so the person feels more indebted to say yes to the smaller request because they said no to the first one

Answer 7

tendency to seek alignment in behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes Examples– foot in door technique, effectiveness of public commitment Foot in the door– asking for a small request will more likely lead to a yes to a bigger request down the line

Answer 8

desire to align behavior with the behavior engaged in by others When other people engage in a behavior, we find it more acceptable to engage in that behavior

Answer 9

increased likelihood to be persuaded by those we like or admire Factors that increase liking– similarity, familiarity, cooperation, praise/compliments

Answer 10

increased likelihood to comply based on perceptions of competence or expertise Perception vs. true authority– more likely to listen to people that are better dressed or look smarter

Answer 11

tendency to assign higher values to items that are perceived as less available “Act now, limited time offer, only one left”

Answer 12

reminder to individuals that they are likely to encounter a persuasive situation Allows opportunity to develop counterarguments ahead of the influence attempt

Answer 13

build defenses against persuasion by mildly attacking the attitude position Providing examples of arguments and defense prior to influence attempt

Answer 14

unfair negative attitude toward a social group

Answer 15

overgeneralizations about a group or its members

Answer 16

unjustified negative behaviors towards members of outgroups based on outgroup membership Behavioral manifestation

Answer 17

attitudes and beliefs that we have about a person or group on a conscious level We are fully aware of these, so they can be self-reported openly expressed biases and actions

Answer 18

unconscious attitudes that lie below the surface that we can consciously report Measure via behavioral means like IAT Implicit association test (IAT)-- assessment intended to detect subconscious associations between mental representations of objects in memory

Answer 19

explicit Conscious statements, discriminatory acts Strategies to reduce traditional forms– Emphasize norms that prejudice is wrong and direct persuasive strategies Social validation– normalizing what behaviors are socially acceptable Present counter-stereotypical or non-stereotypic information about outgroup members

Answer 20

implicit People on the surface saying they don't have a bias, but evidence suggest there is underlying prejudice Strategies to reduce contemporary forms– Techniques that lead people to discover inconsistencies among their self-image, values and behaviors that may arouse feelings of guilt and tension

Answer 21

Strategies that emphasize intergroup processes like intergroup contact and social categorization and identity

Answer 22

Contact hypothesis– the prediction that increased intergroup contact will reduce prejudice Intergroup contact is particularly successful when groups Have equal status Are under cooperation (vs competitive) conditions Are allowed opportunities to interact socially Operate under egalitarian norms

Answer 23

When we automatically sort people into groups based on certain characteristics like race, gender, or nationality. Often results in us vs. them mentality

Answer 24

Making group differences less noticeable

Answer 25

Changing how groups are defined or categorized Important to retain positive distinctiveness– positive self-concept or image related to one's identity Still valuing the different identities people hold while also saying we are united and inclusive

Answer 26

relationships between people that are characterized by loving, caring, commitment, and intimacy Inclusive of romantic relationships, friendships, and family relationships

Answer 27

the level of attraction between people which leads to the development of platonic or romantic relationships Not always physical attraction, but the feeling of being drawn to a person

Answer 28

tendency for people to be attracted to those who are similar to themselves Similarity in Status If we feel like they have a higher status than us, insecurity happens because the person will feel like their partner will stray and be with someone that is more in their “league” Liking levels We like to invest in relationships when we feel like we are on the same page as the other person Mere exposure effect– the tendency to prefer stimuli (including, but not limited to, people) that we have seen frequently

Answer 29

impact on Relationship Quality Communal Strength: Felt responsibility for partner's welfare Conceptualization: Personal sacrifice Distress/guilt Partner placement in communal hierarchy

Answer 30

it should always be linked to the effect. It must happen before the effect. There shouldn't be any other reasonable explanations for the relationship

Answer 31

Study 1: Cross-sectional survey Positive correlation found Study 2: Longitudinal survey Positive association over time Study 3: Experimental manipulation Gratitude expression highest Impacts self-perception and communal relationships

Answer 32

a knowledge representation of one's beliefs about oneself Cognitive and descriptive in nature Measuring self concept– “I am (please fill in the blank) Would best be considered as reflecting the cognitive component

Answer 33

the extent to which individuals have different and independent ways of thinking about themselves Complexity associated with more positive outcomes, as it acts as a buffer in times of threat

Answer 34

positive or negative feelings we have about ourselves how you feel about something with respect to your self-concept Would be best considered as reflecting the affect component

Answer 35

feeling good about one part of ourselves can make it easier to handle criticism or challenges in other parts of our lives.

Answer 36

individual belief in your ability to reach specific goals or accomplish particular tasks ex-- do I believe I have the ability to eat more fruits and veggies?

Answer 37

whether we think doing something will actually have the effect we want it to have Do I believe eating more fruits and veggies will actually benefit my health?

Answer 38

doing good things for others without expecting anything in return

Answer 39

behaving to benefit a genetic relatives change of survival at some cost to ones won changes

Answer 40

helping based on the normative expectation of mutual exchange

Answer 41

helping someone from a place of empathy, knowing no self benefit will come

Answer 42

phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need in the presence of others Diffusion of responsibility– assumption that other will take action, leading to personal inaction Kitty genovese

Answer 43

legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those in need Some form in all 50 states

Answer 44

impose penalty for those who do not help in circumstances of danger Less frequent in the united states, more often duty to report

Answer 45

Study: Examined 308 undergraduates' personality traits, learning styles, and GPA. Findings: Two Big Five traits, conscientiousness and agreeableness, positively related to all learning styles. Neuroticism negatively related to all learning styles. Extraversion and openness positively related to elaborative processing. Combined, Big Five traits explained 14% of GPA variance; learning styles added 3%. Openness linked to GPA via reflective learning styles (synthesis-analysis, elaborative processing). Conclusion: Personality and learning styles both impact academic performance; integrating intellectual curiosity with thoughtful processing enhances GPA.

Answer 46

Focus: Addressing both traditional and contemporary forms of prejudice. Traditional Prejudice: Targeted via direct education and attitude-change techniques. Contemporary Prejudice: May require alternative strategies. Individual-Oriented Techniques: Identify inconsistencies in self-image, values, and behaviors to evoke negative emotions (e.g., guilt), motivating attitude change. Intergroup Strategies: Aim to personalize interactions, redefine group boundaries, and foster inclusive representations. Goal: Understanding prejudice's nature informs effective interventions for both traditional and contemporary prejudice.

Answer 47

Objective: Investigate if expressing gratitude enhances perception of relationship communal strength. Study 1: Cross-sectional survey (N = 137) showed expressing gratitude linked to higher perception of relationship communal strength. Study 2: Longitudinal study (N = 218) found expressing gratitude predicted increased perception of communal strength over time. Study 3: Experimental study (N = 75) showed participants who expressed gratitude had higher perceived communal strength compared to control conditions. Conclusion: Expressing gratitude boosts perception of relationship communal strength. Implications: Highlights importance of gratitude expression in fostering strong relationships.

Answer 48

Objective: Test if self-affirmation can increase fruit and vegetable consumption, exploring mediation by efficacy variables. Procedure: Exposed to health message after task, efficacy measures taken immediately, followed by 7-day fruit and vegetable consumption diary. Results: Self-affirmed participants ate significantly more fruit and vegetables (approx. 5.5 portions increase) compared to controls. Effect mediated by response-efficacy. Conclusion: Self-affirmation interventions can effectively influence health-promoting behaviors. Implication: Highlights the potential of self-affirmation in promoting positive health behaviors.

exam one Flashcards

(72 cards)