Exam 3

Question 1

What do ganglia represent groups of what?

Answer 1

Groups of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
Unipolar

Question 2

What are axon functions?

Which is the fastest and which is the slowest induction of impulses?

Answer 2

Function is conduction of stimuli

Fastest is thick and mylenated

Question 3

What are sensory neurons and where do you find them?

Answer 3

They are unipolar
PNS
Found in posterior roots of spinal cord

Question 4

What are interneurons?

Answer 4

Multi polar, gray matter of spinal cord
Connects SA and ME
Carries sensory information
No neuron = unisynaptic / knee jerk

Question 5

Types of glia and comparison of those found in both CNS and PNS

Answer 5

Astrocytes, oligodenocyres, microglia = CNS

Schwann cells , satellite cells = PNS

Question 6

Action potentials travel along the…

Answer 6

Wave of electricity, the travels from the cell body down the axon to the terminals

Question 7

Mylan and unmyelinated axons are what

Answer 7

Mylan is faster transmission of signal between neurons

Unmylinated is slower

Question 8

What are the Eppy, Perry, and Endoneurium and what do they in case?

Answer 8

Epi – spinal nerves
Peri- fascicles
Endo- axons

Question 9

Look at the difference between mono and polysynaptic reflexes, and examples of each

Answer 9

Monosynaptic – no interneuron (arch reflex)

Polysynaptic– interneurons (knee jerk)

Question 10

Where do you sell bodies of neurons lie in the spinal cord?

Answer 10

Gray matter

Question 11

What are the name of the chemicals released at the axon terminals and what organelles carry them?

Answer 11

Chemicals – ACHL
Organelles – synaptic vesicles

Question 12

Sulcus vs gyrus

Answer 12

Sulcus : dips/ valleys
Gyrus: mountains

Question 13

The lobes of the brain and their major functions

Answer 13

Frontal – motor skills
Occipital - vision
Temporal – hearing
Parietal – smell sensory taste

Question 14

BBB and its function

Answer 14

Blood brain barrier (astrocytes)

Shields brain from toxic substance, filters, supplies

Question 15

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 15

Corroid plexus / 3rd 4th ventricles

Question 16

Which is the second largest region of brain

Answer 16

Cerebellum

Question 17

Corpora quadregimini : structure and function

Answer 17

Located in the midbrain
Vision and hearing
Superior colliculi= vision
Inferior = hearing

Question 18

Falx cerberi vs cerebelli

Answer 18

Cerberi: separates the hemispheres of the brain

Cerebelli: surround cerebellum

Question 19

How many spinal nerves and where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 19

31. Total spinal nerves.
    Eight cervical
    12th thoracic
    Five lumbar
    Five sacral
    One coccigeal

Spinal cord ends at L2 – L3

Question 20

Function of nuclei in reticular formation

Answer 20

Wake cycles
Hiccups, yawning, arousal and consciousness, motor movements, sleep – wake cycles

Question 21

So bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in what?

Answer 21

PNS

Question 22

What are the meningeal layers

Answer 22

Durham matter, archoid matter, Pia matter

Function is to protect and support the brain and spinal cord

Question 23

Dysfunction of corpus coliseum

Answer 23

Seizures/epilepsy

Question 24

What is cauda equine

Answer 24

Collection of nerves at end of spinal cord

Question 25

Which Meninges hugs the brain surface

Answer 25

Pia matter

Question 26

Two parts of the brain that are most involved in emotions are the

Answer 26

Hypothalamus/lympic system

Question 27

What part of the brain controls heart rate and respirations?

Answer 27

Medulla oblongata

Question 28

Disorder of balance is due to which cranial nerve

Answer 28

Vestibular nerve

Question 29

Differences between para and sympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

Para – rest and digest Sympathetic – emergency (FFF)

Question 30

Where is the Blindspot in the eye?

Answer 30

The optic disc

Question 31

Cones versus rods in the eye

Answer 31

Cones see color in daylight Rods at night time

Question 32

Dysfunctions of the eye(3)

Answer 32

Pink eye, cataract, glaucoma

Question 33

ADH is secreted by what gland

Answer 33

Hypothalamus – pituitary gland

Question 34

Thyroid is antagonistic to..

Answer 34

Parathyroid

Question 35

Adrenal medulla secretes what

Answer 35

Epinephrine and nor epinephrine

Question 36

In organic needed in goiter disease

Answer 36

Iodine

Question 37

Ultra structure feature of steroid secreting cells What type of organelles are dominant give example of the gland

Answer 37

Gonads – testosterone/estrogen Smooth endoplastic reticulum

Question 38

Need for blood formation.. as secretion that we know of

Answer 38

Erythropoietin

Question 39

Vitamin D is made in secreted by..

Answer 39

The skin

Question 40

Prolactin is secreted by which gland

Answer 40

Pituitary gland

Question 41

Where is the thyroid in the body?

Answer 41

The neck

Question 42

Neural secretions that you know of are..

Answer 42

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 43

Why is thyroid secreted?

Answer 43

Regulation of metabolism

Question 44

FSH target Cell

Answer 44

Gonads

Question 45

Diabetes type one and type two What is the predominant cell in pancreas?

Answer 45

Diabetes type one is insulin dependent Diabetes type two is lifestyle Predominant cell in the pancreas is beta cells

Question 46

Dysfunction of the thyroid

Answer 46

Hypothyroidism – Hashimoto Hyper thyroidism – Graves’ disease

Question 47

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 47

Medulla and cortex G (glamorous) F(fabulous) R(rich)