Exam 2 Flashcards by Ali Manson

Where do you find melanin?

Melanocytes and basil layer of epidermis

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Less pigment is associated with white people, why?

Lysosomes destroy melanin, eaten by spinosum

contains little melanin

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What are the different sweat glands and their secretions?

Eccrine: most numerous, found all over the body. Secrete true sweat.

Appocrine: located in pubic region, auxiliary, anal. Secretes lipoprotein.

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What is the type of tissue of the dermis?

Papillary – Ariola CT
Reticular – dense irregular

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What type of hair do you find in different part of the body of an adult?

Terminal hair – found on the scalp, auxiliary, pubic

Vellus hair- women/children’s hair

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What are the three types of burns

First-degree burn – upper epidermis and is most painful

Second-degree burn burns the epidermis and the dermis . Easy hair removal.

Third-degree burns - burns all the layers of the skin. Most critical.

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What are pimples what happens for it to develop?

Excessive secretion leading to clogged pores

Secretion = sebum and oil which get oxidized

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Types of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma- most common. Starts in the basil layer.

Squamous cell carcinoma - starts in the spinosum layer

Melanoma - cancer of melanocytes

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What does ABCDE refer to when talking about skin cancer

As symmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

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What are cleavage lines, would a surgeon cut with them or dissect them?

Cleavage lines are found in the epidermidis and our separation between collagen.

Surgeons go between they do not dissect

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What are the different sensory receptors embedded into the skin?

Open ended – indiscriminate – all over body

Messiners corpuscles- superficial – direct touch and vibration

Pucinian/ lamellar corpuscles- making dough – change and pressure

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What is the muscle in the skin?

Erector pilli - a smooth muscle

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Different types of cells of the bone

Osteoplast, osteoclast, osteocyte

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Types of bones: what are the major types?

Long bone, short bone, irregular, sesamoid

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Where do you find the two types of marrow?

Yellow bone marrow is found in long bones and it is used for storage

Red bone marrow is found in flat bones and it’s used for blood

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A strong cartilage is known as

Fibrocartilage

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Axial vs appendicular, which bones are involved in each

Axial: head neck, spine, and ribs

Appendicular : limbs and pelvis

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Rib cage bones

12 total
7 true
5 false 2/5 floating ribs

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What are the skull sutures?

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous, anterior Fontenal (baby soft spot)

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In an articular capsule/synovial, what secrets of fluid

Synovial membrane

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What is superficial fascia?

Hypodermis
Fat layer
Subcutaneous

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Naming of the muscle consist of what

Location, shape, size, direction of fascicles, location of attachments, number of origins, action.

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What is the winking muscle?

Orrbiclaris oculi

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What is the kissing muscle?

Orrbiclaris oris

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What is a triad?

2 cisterns and a T tubule

What are the two major mechanisms of contraction in the muscles?

Concentric and eccentric

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

Produce Movement

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue

Synovial joint classes (6)

Plane, hinge, pivot, confyloid, saddle, ball, and socket

Joint functions

Synarthrosis- not movable Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable Diaarthrosis- freely mobile

What is muscle striation?

Appearance of alternating light and dark bands/discs in muscle tissue

What is the difference between the three types of muscles?

Skeletal – attached to the bone – voluntary movements – striated Cardiac – around the heart only – pump blood – involuntary – striated Smooth in walls of internal organs – involuntary – not stated

What are the layers of hair from inside to outside?

Medulla – cortex - cuticle

What is an osteon?

The basic, structural and functional unit of dense bone

What are the sinus bones?

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoid

What is Dens

Aka odontoid process Bony projection that extends from the second C2 vertebrae Responsible for the “no movement” Articulates with Atlas

Dysfunctions of the vertebral column

Kyphosis – humpback Lordosis – swayback Scoliosis – spine and S shape

What bone is the only bone with trachanter ?

The femur

What are the stages of healing a bone fracture?

Hematoma forms Fibrocartilaginous Callis forms Bony Callis forms Bone remodeling occurs This is carried out by osteoclasts

Which muscle is responsible for frowning

Frontal occipital

Which three facial muscles are responsible for chewing

Temporal Masseter Buccinator

What facial muscle is responsible for smiling

Zygomaticus

What facial muscle is responsible for winking and blinking

O. Oculi

What facial muscle is responsible for kissing

O. Oris

What are the skeletal muscle fibers? -divided into 3 classes

Slow oxidative fibers – long periods, lower power Fast glycolic fibers- Sprint – fast Fast oxidative fibers – sprint and maintain it – athlete or football player

The types of skeletal muscles are characterized by

How they manufacture ATP (energy) How quickly they contract

Nerve cells that innervate muscle fibers are called

Motor neurons

Which of the type of muscle fibers depends on anaerobic pathways to generate ATP?

Fast glycolitic (FG)

Under light microscopy the light and dark stations or (blank) are clearly visible

Sarcomeres

Muscle contraction develops force when…

When stretch near its optimal resting length

According to the sliding filament mechanism, during concentric contractions….

Actin is pulled actively towards myosin And The Z lines approach each other

Smooth muscles are found in all these areas except

Coronary arteries Diaphragm Cerebral blood vessels Walls of the stomach

What does the neuromuscular junction consist of?

The motor end plate and the terminal bouton

Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac and smooth muscles… Do not contain perimysuim Are involuntary Do not have myofibrils Both a and b are correct

Both a and B are correct

When drawing the skeletal muscle, name the labeling from the bone to the actin and myosin

Bone, tendon, epimyosin, perimyosin, endomyosin, muscle fiber, actin/myosin

Labeling of the sacromere

Z- line, m-line, light I band, dark A band, myosin thick filament, overlap zone.

What is the joint movement supinate

Palms face up Supine “Accept the bowl of soup”

What is the joint movement pronate

Palms face down Prone position

What is the joint movement abduction

Away from torso/midline

What is the joint movement adduction

Toward midline/torso

What is the joint movement flexion

Reducing the angle of a joint *flexing arm muscles 90*

What is the joint movement extension

Increasing joint angel *arm straight

What is the joint movement circumduction

In a circular movement

What is the joint movement inversion and eversion (foot side to side)

Inversion- when foot stretches inwards (big toe) Eversion- stretch foot outwards (pinky)

What is the joint movement dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion - Flexing foot upper ward towards leg/body Plantar flexion- flexing foot towards ground

Fascicle orientations

Circular: mouth Convergent: pectoralis major Parallel: stratus (inner thigh) Unipennate: extensor digitorium (forearm) Bipennate: rectus femoris Multipennate: deltoid

What are the two ossification centers and what do they take place

Primary ossification center: in the center of a long bone in the dyaphesis at the epiphyseal cartilage. Secondary ossification center: form in the epiphysis (long bones increase in length at secondary ossification center)

Exam 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)