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Human Anatomy > The Skeletal Person Quiz > Flashcards

The Skeletal Person Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cartilage

A

Strong flexible, CT that protects joints and bones.
Found throughout adult body in the ears, nose, ribs, sternum, larnyx, and trachea.

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2
Q

List the locations of cartilage tissue found throughout adult body

A

External ear, nose, lynx and trachea, pubic symphesis, ribs/sternum

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3
Q

Describe the basic structure of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage.
Cell type: chondrocytes
Matrix contains: fibers, jelly like, ground substance

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4
Q

Where do you find each type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline: end of bones, ribs, nose, lyrnyx, trachea, bronchi.
Elastic : Epiglottis and external ear
Fibrocartilage : pubic synthesis, minisci knee, annulus fibrous

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5
Q

Describe the features of cartilage tissue

A

Springs back to original shape, provides support through flexibility, elasticity, tolerates, repeated, bending, resist, strong compression and strong tension

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6
Q

List the different types of cartilage (3)

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibro

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7
Q

Describe characteristic features of each cartilage

A

Hyaline: most abundant, provides support through flexibility
Elastic : contains elastic fibers, tolerates repeated bending
Fibro: resist, strong compression and strong tension, intermediate between Hyaline and elastic cartilage

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8
Q

List the locations of each cartilage

A

Hyaline: nose, larnyx, trachea, costal, cartilage, epiphyseal plates of long bones

Elastic : epiglottis and cartilage of the external ear

Fibro: pubic synthesis, knee, anulous fibrosis

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9
Q

Define chondroblasts

A

Creates the main component that provides structure and strengths to cartilage. They then mature into chondrocytes.

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10
Q

Define chondrocytes

A

Cells responsible for cartilage formation (cellular component of cartilage)

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11
Q

List the function of bones (6)

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy metabolism

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12
Q

Describe how bones are classified

A

Long bone – short bone – flat bone – irregular bone

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13
Q

Give an example of each type of bone

A

Long bone – humorous
Short bone – carpals
Flat bone – sternum
Irregular bone – vertebra

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14
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of bones, (compact and spongy)

A

Compact bone – dense outer layer of bone

Spongy – internal network of bone

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15
Q

Compare and contrast, compact and spongy bone

A

Compact bone is composed of osteons and forms external layer of the bone

Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of the bone

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16
Q

Name the parts of a long bone

A

Proximal epiphysis (closer to torso)
Diaphysis (shaft) (primary growth area)
Distal epiphysis (secondary growth)

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17
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Grows up and down (long ways)

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18
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

Gross side to side (wider)

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19
Q

When does cartilage stop growing?

A

When the skeletons stops growing

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20
Q

What are markings of bones?

A

Made by osteoclasts
Superficial surfaces of bones reflect stresses on them

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21
Q

What are the three broad categories of bone markings?

A

Projections for muscle attachment
Surfaces that form joints
Depressions and openings

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22
Q

What is the structure of a typical long bone?

A

Diaphysis (shaft of bone) (middle)
Epiphysis (ends of bones)
Blood vessels – well vascularized
Medullary cavity - hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
Membranes-periosteum, perforating, collagen fiber bundles, and endosteum

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23
Q

Structure of short, irregular, flat bone

A

Contains bone marrow, but no mero cavity

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24
Q

What are the axil bones?

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A

Head, neck, back, and chest

25
What is the difference between male and female pelvises?
Females – pubic angle is more than 180° larger, wider, rounder inlet Males less than 180°, sacrum is longer, narrower, straighter, pronounced sacral
26
How many vertebrae are there?
33 total 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 9 fused
27
What are the sutures of the skull? (5)
Coronal, sagittal,lambdoid, simple squamous, Fontenelle
28
How many ribs are there?
12 total Seven true Five false
29
What are the flat bones?
Sternum, ribs, skull, scapula, hips
30
What are the long bones?
Tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius, ulna
31
What are the short bones?
Carpals and tarsals
32
What are the irregular bones?
Vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum, temporal
33
What kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
34
What are the four major sinus bones?
Maxillary (the biggest) , ethmoid, sphenoid, mandibular
35
True or false osteon and diversion system are the same
True
36
Osteoblasts do what?
Add bone tissue to external surface of the diaphysis
37
Osteoclast do what?
Remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis
38
What are the stages of healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma forms, fibrocartilageinous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs This is carried out by osteoclasts
39
What are the fracture types?
Communituted, compression, spiral, epiphyseal , depressed, greenstick
40
Osteoblast vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes
Osteoblasts are bone forming Osteoclasts resorb or break down bone Osteocytes are mature bone All 3 are cells that contribute to bone homeostasis
41
Which hormones regulate bone growth
Growth, hormone, thyroid, hormone, sex hormones
42
What happens to bones as the individual approaches the end of adolescence?
Chondroblast divide less often, epiphyseal plates thin, cartilage stops growing and is replaced by bone tissue. Long bones stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse.
43
What is meant by bone remodeling?
The process of replacing old or damaged bone with new bone, which is coordinated by Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
44
Define osteoblast
Bone forming cells Heal existing bone by releasing bone matrix which fills gaps in bone tissue . Once mature osteoblast become osteoclast .
45
Define osteoclast
Breakdown bone Giant multinucleate cells Move along the bone surface Digging grooves as they break down the bone matrix Sree lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid
46
Describe how bone grows
Bone length: bone grows in length from growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate Bone width: grows through oppositional growth (bone tissue added to the surface of the bone)
47
Name four disorders of bones
Osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, rickets, osteomalacia
48
What is osteoporosis?
Low bone mass Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition
49
What is osteomalacia?
Occurs in adults – bones are in adequately mineralized
50
What are rickets?
Occurs in children – analogous to osteomalacia
51
List, different types of tissues in bone
CT, NT, blood, CT, cartilage, ET
52
How does cartilage grow? List the two modes of growth of cartilage
Oppositional growth (Contrast and surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage ) interstitial growth- Condra sides within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
53
Is bone considered an organ if yes, why
Bone contains several types of tissues dominated by CT contains nervous tissue and blood. CT contains ET lining blood vessels.
54
Describe the chemical component of bone
Organic and inorganic Organic – osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclast
55
Bone development
Ossification Membrane bones Intra-membraneous ossification Endochondral ossification
56
during childhood and adolescence lengthen entirely by growth of the what
Epiphyseal plates
57
Bone deposit and removal occurs where
At periosteal and endosteal surfaces
58
Bone remodeling is what
Bone deposition – accomplished by osteoblasts And bone reabsorption – accomplished by osteoclasts

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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