exam 3 Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
what groups are at higher risk of being obese
A
marginalized groups, related to being in poverty
2
Q
what groups are most in poverty
A
native americans, blacks, and latinx
3
Q
what does increased income and education mean
A
lower levels of obesity
4
Q
what types of food do rich people purchase
A
nutrient dense foods (fruits, veggies, ASFs)
5
Q
limited or uncertain access to healthy food
A
low food insecurity
6
Q
hunger
A
very low food security
7
Q
what is food insecurity associated with
A
higher BMI
8
Q
what is hidden hunger
A
nutrient deficiencies
9
Q
what does more money mean
A
more fruits and veggies and ASFs purchased
10
Q
what shapes value in different socioeconomic groups
A
quantity (poverty), quality (middle class), presentation (wealthy)
11
Q
is obesity malnourishment
A
yes
12
Q
what is a good score on a USDA healthy eating index
A
80, less than 51 is poor
13
Q
do people eat sweets with more money
A
no
14
Q
what do all economic factors favor
A
weight gain
15
Q
what drives low income people
A
relationships and entertainment
16
Q
what drives wealthy people
A
physical appearance
17
Q
what is needed to decrease obesity
A
education, physical activity,
18
Q
educates about nutrition, increases behavior change
A
Foodwise
19
Q
What does Snap-Ed do
A
support education and environments for people to make healthy choices
20
Q
socioecological model and policy
A
policy, then community, then organizational, then interpersonal, then individual
21
Q
rights inherent to all human beings regardless of identities
A
human rights
22
Q
international organization founded after WW2
A
UN
23
Q
purpose of the UN
A
maintain peace, develop cooperation, solve problems
24
Q
non members of the UN
A
palestine, vatican city, taiwan
25
international human rights instruments
declaration (indicate that countries do not intend to create legally binding obligations but aspirations), treaty (agreement, legally binding)
26
mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing treaties
UN general assembly, human rights council, security council, international court of justice, etc.
27
UDHR
foundational human rights, civil and political rights, economic/social/cultural rights,
28
what is seen as a human right
healthy environment
29
what SDGs involve human rights
1, 6, 2, 5, 3, 4
30
have human rights protections improved over time
yes, variation has decreased
31
event that represents a critical threat to the health, safety, security of a community
humanitarian crisis
32
examples of humanitarion crises
man made conflict, natural disaster, pandemics
33
are natural shocks becoming more frequent
es
34
the number of people who need humanitarian aid has
increased worldwide
35
forced displacement has increased for
watchlist countries
36
person forced to flee as a result of conflict (violence) or human rights violation, have not crossed international border
internally displaced person
37
person who has left their country and is seeking protection in another country, not yet legally recognized
asylum seeker
38
someone forced to flee and has crossed an international border
refugee
39
the number of refugees resettled in the US has declined over time
true
40
assistance used to relieve suffering during crises, food, medical care, shelter
humanitarian aid
41
organizations focused on humanitarian work
UN, WHO, UNHCR, UNICEF, amnesty international, etc.
42
the gap between funding and need has
increased
43
is the UN able to enforce policy
not really
44
what is intertwined
maternal and child health
45
health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period
maternal health
46
what does early childhood health impact
long term development
47
affected by complex interactions between external and internal factors
maternal health (gender, social determinants, behavior, environment, policies)
48
what group is at higher risk of maternal mortality
black women (gender and racism)
49
where are the most maternal deaths
low income countries
50
how to decrease maternal mortality
build evidence, strengthen healthcare, strategic litigation, reframe issue, engage communtiies
51
maternal mortality globally has
decreased, but not the same across the world, same in africa
52
the US has a worse maternal mortality rate than
other high income countries
53
inversely associated with wealth
maternal mortality
54
causes of maternal mortality
hemorrhage, unsafe abortion, sepsis, obstructed labor, social and env factors (race, economic, culture)
55
is maternal mortality preventable
mostly yes
56
where is maternal mortality increasing
US
57
child mortality has
decreased globally
58
where is child mortality concentrated
subsaharan africa
59
what are many child deaths related to
pregnancy/delivery, infectious diseases, chronic disease, undernutrition
60
how is poverty and infection related
cycle of poverty, undernutrition, and vulnerability to infections
61
what country has the highest infant mortality of high income countries
US
62
how to improve maternal/child mortality
direct (education, access, policies), indirect (improving environment, gender equality, reduce poverty)
63
Kenya Kangaroo Mother care
effective, skin to skin contact
64
TUBAraMURE in Burundi
improved women's nutrition and health
65
universal maternal care in india
continuation of care, attending, free care
66
california maternal quality of care collaborative
success
67
WIC
nutritious foods, education, worked
68
infectious or transmissible from human to human or animal to human, caused by microorganisms
communicable diseases
69
examples of communicable diseases
polio, chicken pox, lime disease, measles, HIV,
70
what is among the leading cause of death in low income countries
communicable diseases
71
study of the distribution and determinants of health to control health problems
epidemiology
72
model for infectious disease comparisons, involved etiologic agent, host, and environment
epidemiological triad
73
parasites, pathogen, virus, not always sufficient to cause disease
etiologic agent
74
person or animal that affords survival of disease
host
75
number of new cases
incidence
76
number of cases at a given time
prevalence
77
modes of disease transmission
air, food borne, contact, sex, water borne, vector borne,
78
expensive for individuals and governments
malaria
79
what populations are most at risk from malaria
infants, children, pregnant women (immunocompromised)
80
is malaria eradicated in the US
yes
81
where does the vector for malaria breed
stagnant water
82
phases of malaria
acute (cold and hot, sweating)
83
what does malaria correlate with
parasite cycle
84
can malaria be prevented
yes
85
how are malaria vectors controlled
treated nets, insecticides, vaccines
86
are treated nets and insecticides used
not that much
87
have malaria deaths declined
yes, spike during covid
88
malaria threats
resistance to drugs and insecticides
89
where is HIV and TB concentrated
sub saharan africa
90
history of TB
ancient, patients sent to sanatoriums, 1/7 died
91
types of TB
M tuberculosis causes most US cases, bacteria needs lots of oxygen, caused by mycobacteria
92
BCG vaccination
1930s, reduces likelihood of active disease in children, still mandated in south america, africa, asia
93
Symptoms of TB
cough, chest pain, sweat, fever, fatigue
94
how to diagnosis TB
skin or blood test, chest xray, saliva
95
why were there some false positives with Tb skin test
BCG vaccine
96
TB spread
30 percent of exposed get infected, can stay in the body latent, aging can cause activation
97
pathogenesis of TB
Entry into host, multiplication, infection of macrophages in lungs, expansion in innate granulomas, granuloma maturation, enters lymphocytes
98
active TB
replicates, show positive test on skin and saliva, symptoms
99
LTBI
virus controlled in granuloma capsule, positive on skin test, no symptoms, not counted as a case
100
what increases risk of TB activation
HIV
101
LTBI treatment
9 months antibiotics, no symptoms or contagions
102
infectious TB treatment
multiple drugs, DOT
103
has there been a decrease in TB
yes, since resurgence in late 90s
104
HIV history
emerged 120 years ago, human immunodeficiency virus, from animals
105
structure of HIV
RNA, reverse transcriptase, capsid protein, human like
106
life cycle of HIV
fuses with cell membrane, replicates, infects more cells
107
transmission of HIV
body fluids (blood, semen, breastmilk, needles)
108
what increases risk of HIV transmission
higher viral load
109
what groups have most HIV
sex workers, gay men, people who inject drugs
110
HIV treatment
pills for viral suppression
111
what was the leading cause of death for ages 25-44 in the late 90s
HIV
112
what is effective in preventing HIV
pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
113
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
preventative HIV treatment, disparities in access, can be injections every few weeks, anti capsid, very expensive
114
what is the path to ending AIDS
more people knowing their status and accessing treatment for viral suppression
115
diverse group of conditions caused by a variety of pathogens associated with devestating health, social, and economic consequences
neglected tropical disease
116
modes of neglected tropical disease transmission
vector, intermediate host, zoonotic
117
diseases that can spread from animals to humans
zoonoses
118
what is a common cause of NTDs
lack of sanitation
119
disease transmission reduced to 0 worldwide
eradication
120
reduction to 0 of incidence of a disease, local eradication
elimination
121
burden of NTDs
deformation, disabling, social stigma, socioeconomic consequences
122
what are NTDs part of
SDG 3, wants 90 percent reduction, 100 countries to eliminate at least 1
123
blinding parasitic disease caused by filarial nematode, vectored by black flies
onchocerciasis
124
prevention of onchocerciasis
repellents, protective clothing, chemotherapy, bush and vegetation clearing, slow water, use traps,
125
OCP West Africa
used larvicides to prevent cases of onchocerciasis
126
APOC
mass drug administration using ivermectin to successfully prevent onchocerciasis
127
OEPA
partnership with US, goal to eliminate onchocerciasis, success with ivermectin
128
ESPEN
coordinated control and elimination of onchocerciasis with preventative chemo
129
current status of onchocerciasis
main strategy is MDA, need surveillance, WHO suggests safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)
130
mosquito transmitted worm, chronic, causes elephantiasis and hydrocoel
lymphatic filariasis
131
how to control lymphatic filariasis
MDA, drug combo, interrupt transmission cycle, GPELF
132
schistosomiasis
caused by parasitic worms, school age children at risk from water, drug treatment
133
co-endemic NTDs
occurring in the same place, many people have more than one infection, ex = soil transmitted helminths, worm infections, etc.
134
determinants of disease
agent, contact or foodborne, host, environment
135
deworming in schools
better toilets, WASH, MDA, rapid impact package (multiple drugs for multiple diseases, cheap)
136
what helps with deworming
absence of reservoirs, new drugs, political will, partnership
137
NTD progress
decrease, but not close to target, challenged by covid, politics, funding, climate change, worms eradicated in guinea
138
infections that have recently appeared within a population or whose incidence or range is rapidly increasing
emerging infectious diseases
139
causes of EIDs
undetected inf agents, known agents that spread geo, re emergence of agents
140
examples of EIDs
covid, HIV, lyme disease, e. coli, zika, etc.
141
re emerging EIDs
malaria, TB, cholera, pertussis, influenza, gonorrhea
142
modes of EID transmission
respiratory, fecal, oral, vector, sexual,
143
host of EID
human, dependent on age, immunity, and mode of transmission, reservoir in triad influences
144
what appeared soon after antimicrobial medicines were used
antimicrobial resistance
145
environment of triad
modified by ocean, climate change, air pollution,
146
zoonotic disease
spillover to humans, pathogen must overcome many barriers to transmit between species, involves population density, replication, immune response, intermediate host
147
EID case study
respiratory disease in 2024, bird flu in bovine herds, virus possesses features that may cause mammal infection, spreading in south america, caused by biting midge, known as oropouche fever
148
flu pandemics
multiple throughout history, flu adapts quickly due to antigenic drift and abrupt major mutations
149
chronic, long duration, result of a combo of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors, not infectious
non communicable diseases
150
amount of healthy years of life lost
DALY
151
the burden of NCDs has
increased
152
account for the largest share of global deaths
NCDs
153
deaths from NCDs are
increasing, while deaths from CDs are decreasing
154
examples of NCDs
cardiovascular disease, cancer
155
US NCD bruden
outlier for high income countries, much higher deaths
156
leading cause of death in most countries (besides low income)
heart diseases
157
what income countries suffer the highest lost economically from NCDs
high income countries
158
NCD risk factors
less physical activity, phones, climate change, nutrition (processed food), genetics, environment, sociodemographic, medical conditions
159
what groups have worsened NCD outcomes
minority groups (access to health care, norms, policy, economic development)
160
WHOs best buy NCD interventions
cost effective, reduce tobacco, alc use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity
161
ischemic heart disease
coronary artery disease, most common cause of heart attack
162
impacts blood vessels supplying brain, common cause of stroke
cerebrovascular disease
163
causes blood clots and limited flow
atherosclerosis
164
occurs when weakened blood vessels bulge out causing hemorrhage
aneurysm
165
what contributes to heart disease in north africa and southeast asia
pollution (methods of cooking)
166
clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition or behavior, associated with distress and daily functioning impairment
mental disorders
167
risk factors of mental disorders
poverty, family, education, alc, drugs,
168
overall suicide rates have
decreased
169
elevated levels of blood glucose resulting from abnormalities in insulin secretion or action, causes thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision
diabetes
170
is type 1 diabetes treatable
not really, need insulin injections daily
171
need more and more insulin, treatable based on progression, creates increased blood glucose
type 2 diabetes
172
complications of diabetes
heart disease, stroke, dental disease, foot damage
173
high obesity and diabetes due to sugary beverages, government implemented sugary beverage tax on distributors, reduces soda consumption
mexico diabetes case study
174
approach recognizing human health is connected to animals and our shared environment
one health perspective
175
spread of pathogens from animals to humans, cause of most infectious diseases, outbreaks are spillover of domestication
zoonotic disease
176
any living thing that transmits a pathogen to humans
vector
177
viruses, bacteria, worms
arthropod borne diseases
178
arthropod transmitted viruses, emerging infectious diseases, from ticks and mosquitos, ex = zika, dengue
arboviruses
179
how do pathogens spread
globalization (slave trade, human migration)
180
what dictates where and when spillover will occur
environment
181
what will climate change drive
increased disease transmission
182
abbot pandemic defense coalition
virus hunters
183
oropouche disease transmission
unknown animal source, midge transmits, spread in south america
184
what drives viral escape
genomic change (lead to lack of immunity in new lineages)
185
non governmental organization that is nonprofit, a voluntary citizens group, organized on a local, national, or international level to address issues of the public good
NGOs
186
advantages if NGOs
people trust, more neutral and honest, grassroots, volunteer labor, less red tape, multiple funding sources
187
disadvantages of NGOS
quality not vetted, accountability issues, rely on external funding, coordination among groups low, short and medium term, aid may be concentrated
188
ethical issues of NGOs
power, lack of sustainability, inappropriate donations, faith based orgs
189
US based christian organization that sends christmas gifts, many ethical issues
operation christmas child
190
good NGO qualities
gives community control, help needed and appropriate, long term sustainability, collaboration, shares failures and successes
191
socially complex issues involving many considerations and contexts with no obvious solutions
wicked problems
192
examples of wicked problems
bribes, sexism, donor demands, stigmas,
193
income invested back in, tax exempt, run like a business
nonprofit
194
not run like business, run. by volunteers,
not for profit
195
nonprofit funding sources
grants, membership fees, individual donations, volunteers
196
financial award for a specific purpose, short term, no repayment
grant
197
WWHF
focuses on outreach and education about womens health
