Exam 3 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Ruffini corpuscle
Merkel’s disc
Meissner’s corpuscle
Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscle
- Stretching of the skin
- Edges and fine details of objects
- Light touch and changes in localized movement
- Pain, itch, and temperature changes
- High-frequency vibration and pressure
Which neural pathway is most directly involved in initiating voluntary movement?
Pyramidal (corticospinal) system
What is the primary function of muscle spindles?
To detect changes in muscle length and the rate of change, providing proprioceptive feedback
Which neural pathway carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain?
Anterolateral (spinothalamic) system
Sensory adaptation is the process by which a receptor’s response increases with constant stimulation.
False
What is sensory transduction?
The process of converting an environmental stimulus into a receptor potential in a sensory cell
The sensory homunculus in the primary somatosensory cortex represents body parts in proportion to their physical size.
False
Which of the following are methods of pain control discussed in the book?
- Acupuncture
- Opiate drugs
- Placebo effect
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Basal Ganglia
Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
Cerebellum
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Premotor Cortex
- Modulates movement initiation and amplitude through inhibitory/excitatory pathways
- Executes voluntary movements by sending commands directly to muscles
- Coordinates and fine–tunes motor activity, ensuring balance and precision
- Contributes to internally generated movement sequences and planning
- Plans and organizes movements, especially those guided by external cues
Damage to which structure is most closely associated with the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia nigra
What are labeled lines in sensory processing?
Nerve fibers that carry specific types of sensory information from receptors to the brain
Which receptor in the skin is specialized for detecting high–frequency vibration and pressure?
Pacinian corpuscle
Mirror neurons are best described as neurons that:
Fire both when an individual performs a movement and when observing that same movement in others
Which dimension of pain is associated with descriptors like “throbbing” and “shooting”?
Sensory–discriminative dimension
In the context of the somatosensory system, what does a “receptive field” refer to?
The specific area of the body where a stimulus will alter the firing rate of a sensory neuron
Bitter
Umami
Salty
Sweet
Sour
- G protein–coupled receptor activation via T2R receptors.
- G protein–coupled receptor activation via a T1R1+T1R3 heterodimer.
- Ion channel-mediated depolarization by sodium ions.
- G protein–coupled receptor activation via a T1R2+T1R3 heterodimer.
- Ion channel-mediated depolarization by protons.
Ossicles
Organ of Corti
Pinna
Basilar membrane
Tympanic membrane
- A chain of three small bones that amplify and transmit sound vibrations in the middle ear.
- The sensory structure within the cochlea that contains hair cells for sound transduction.
- The external part of the ear that captures and funnels sound waves.
- A structure in the cochlea that vibrates at specific locations corresponding to different sound frequencies.
- A flexible membrane (eardrum) that vibrates in response to sound and separates the external and middle ears.
Which structure in the cochlea contains the hair cells that transduce sound?
Organ of Corti
Which structure captures, focuses, and filters incoming sound waves?
Pinna
Motion sickness can result from a conflict between vestibular and visual inputs.
True
What is the main purpose of a cochlear implant?
Bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve
What is the primary function of the ossicles in the middle ear?
Amplify and transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
Select all structures that are part of the inner ear.
- Cochlea
- Utricle
- Semicircular canals
- Saccule
How is pitch primarily encoded along the basilar membrane?
Tonotopic organization
