Exam 3 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Which of the following would be impossible to group into species based on the biological species concept?
a. lions
b. bacteria
c. sea turtles
d. pine trees
b. bacteria
Consider a group fish. The blue morph lives in open water and slightly deeper habitat, whereas the yellow-red morph lives in shallower areas. These two groups became distinct species, both evolving from a single species that dispersed into the lake. This is an example of ______?
Sympatric speciation
Which of the following is an example of prezygotic solution?
a. species of songbirds have different calls
b. Hybrids are sterile
c.Hybrid offspring are born, but dont survive the juvenile period
d.Hybrid offspring have a low fitness in all habitats
a. species of songbirds have different calls
Which of the following is not a potential outcome of post-speciation hybridization?
a. Evolution of reinforcement
b. Introgression
c. Genetic swamping
d. Allopatry
d. Allopatry
Which of the following is a pattern that you would expect is a selective sweep occurred?
a. sites with higher than expected differentiation between populations
b. a high ratio of synonymous to non-synonymous mutations
c. a section of DNA with very low variation in the population
d. a high Fst
c. a section of DNA with very low variation in the population
How would you experimentally determine that local adaptation has occurred within a species?
A reciprocal transplant experiment
How might we determine which phylogenetic tree is the most likely?
Determine which one would require the smallest number of chanhges
Which of the following might be included as a criterion of a model to select an optimal phylogenetic tree?
a. transitions weighted as more likely than transversions
b. sympatric speciation weighted as more likely than allopatric speciation
c. ability to maximize diversity
d. sites with no diversity weighted more strongly
a. transitions weighted as more likely than transversions
You are a conservation manager tasked with determining whether two populations are genetically distinct, what information do you need?
Nucleotide diversity within each population and in the two populations combined
Evolution of distinct dewlaps in Anoles species with different ecotypes in an example of _____?
Reinforcement
What is population genetic structure?
Spatial patterns of genetic variation
Where in a species range is genetic diversity typically the highest?
Where the species originated
Which of the following describes Fst?
a. a pairwise estimate of the proportion of genetic diversity that is unique to populations
b. a measure of population specific mutation rate
c. the chance that an individual in a population has two different alleles at a locus
d. a measure of the frequency of crossing over
a. a pairwise estimate of the proportion of genetic diversity that is unique to populations
Which of the following affects population genetic structure?
a. population size
b. amount of gene flow
c. amount of time since populations were connected
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A gene has a dN/dS ratio of 1.5 between species, what can you conclude?
The gene is experiencing differential selection
You sequence the genomes of multiple individuals across a species and observe a region where there is very low diversity between individuals. What do you conclude?
There has been a selective sweep
You want to know what locations of a genome are under differential selection between populations, what test statistic might you calculate?
Fst
Which of the following is not an anti-predator defense?
a. Mimicry
b. Secondary metabolites
c. Thorns
d. Anole dewlap
d. Anole dewlap
Which of the following is an example of a facultative mutualism?
a. Lichens-photosynthetic bacteria living within a fungi
b. Honeybees pollinate flowering plants
c. Yucca moths exclusively pollinate the yucca flower, and the moth larve only feed on the yucca plants seeds
d. all of the above
b. Honeybees pollinate flowering plants
What is the difference between a parasite and a herbivore?
Duration of the interaction
What is herd immunity?
When enough of a population is resistant that the pathogen dies out
When a person is infected with a virus, they infect an average of 5 additional people. Assuming a vaccine has 100 percent effectiveness, what percent of individuals need to be vaccinated of herd immunity?
80%
