Exam 3 Flashcards
Ch 5 & 6 (142 cards)
1
Q
Give the disease category involves tissue degeneration (breaking down):
A
degenerative disease
2
Q
Give the disease category any disruption of cellular metabolism
A
metabolic disorder
3
Q
Give the disease category relates to the system that protects us from infectious diseases
A
immune disorder
4
Q
Give the disease category refers to cancers
A
neoplasms
5
Q
Alzheimer category of disease
A
degenerative disease
6
Q
Diabetes mellitus category of disease
A
metabolic disorder
7
Q
Allergies category of disease
A
immune disorder
8
Q
Rheumatoid arthritis category of disease
A
immune disorder
9
Q
Symptoms examples
A
ain, fatigue, joint stiffness, nausea
10
Q
Signs examples
A
rash, rapid pulse, wheezing
11
Q
Acute
A
relatively severe but usually lasting a short time
12
Q
Chronic
A
often less severe but likely to be continuous or recurring for long periods
13
Q
Pathogen
A
disease-causing organism
14
Q
Opportunistic infection:
A
infection that takes hold because the host has been compromised
(weakened) by disease
15
Q
Bacteria
A
ingle-cell organisms that grow in a variety of environments
16
Q
Viruses
A
extremely small infectious agents that can multiply only within living cells
17
Q
Protozoa
A
single-cell animals
18
Q
Normal flora is the population of
A
microorganisms that normally grows on all body
surfaces and cavities open to the environment
19
Q
By killing the normal bacterial flora that competes with it, some antibiotics can allow
A
Candida to thrive and develop infection in the mouth or vaginal tract
20
Q
An endospore is a
A
resistant form of bacteria that tolerates adverse conditions
21
Q
Endospore are dangerous
A
because they become airborne easily and are resistant to ordinary
methods of disinfection
22
Q
Viruses are not susceptible to antibiotics and must be treated with
A
antivirals
23
Q
Fungi are
A
simple, plantlike organisms
24
Q
Helminths are
A
worms that are parasites with human hosts.
25
Malaria:
protozoa
26
C. diff. colitis:
bacteria
27
Herpes:
virus
28
Candida vaginitis:
fungi
29
Pinworm infestation:
parasite, helminth
30
Sterilization is
killing every microorganism on an object in an autoclave
31
Endospore-forming organisms require
much greater time and temperature to ensure
destruction
32
disinfectant:
a chemical that kills most microorganisms
33
antiseptic:
disinfectants applied to skin and other living surfaces
34
Two dangers of antibiotic use:
a. opportunistic infections (yeast overgrowth)
b. antibiotic-resistant pathogens
35
The culture and sensitivity test is for:
a. Identification of the organism
b. Sensitivity to antibiotics
36
The type of disease involving tissue breakdown:
degenerative
immune
infectious
metabolic
degenerative
37
A disease condition experienced by the patient is
pathology
symptom
sign
syndrome
symptom
38
An example of a sign is
itching
swelling
pain
nausea
swelling
39
Microorganisms that normally grow on body surfaces and open cavities are called
bacteria
the microbiome
endospores
opportunistic infections
the microbiome
40
How could antibiotic therapy lead to a Candida infection?
It causes the development of bacteria that are resistant to medications
It kills normal flora that compete with it, allowing it to overgrow
It compromises (weakens) the immune system
It kills normal flora that compete with it, allowing it to overgrow
41
Which pathogen is defined as a single-cell animal?
bacterium
protozoon
virus
fungus
protozoon
42
Endospores are
a type of fungus
not susceptible to antibacterial agents (antibiotics)
a type of virus
resistant form of a bacteria that can tolerate adverse conditions
resistant form of a bacteria that can tolerate adverse conditions
43
Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) is a species of
protozoan
virus
fungus
bacteria
bacteria
44
Viruses
are simple plantlike organisms
are extremely small and can only multiply in living cells
are resistant to ordinary methods of disinfection
are single-cell organisms
are extremely small and can only multiply in living cells
45
What is the process of killing all microorganism on an object?
antisepsis
sterilization
cleaning
disinfection
sterilization
46
Microbe & Disease?
Staphylococcus aureus
BACTERIA
skin infections
47
Microbe & Disease?
Streptococcus pyogenes
BACTERIA
pharyngitis
48
Microbe & Disease?
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
BACTERIA
colitis
49
Microbe & Disease?
herpes virus (HSV)
VIRUS
herpes
50
Microbe & Disease?
norovirus
VIRUS
gastroenteritis
51
Microbe & Disease?
hepatitis B (HBV)
VIRUS
hepatitis
52
Microbe & Disease?
Giardia lamblia
PROTOZOA
giardiasis (diarrhea)
53
Microbe & Disease?
Plasmodium
PROTOZOA
malaria
54
Microbe & Disease?
Candida albicans
FUNGI
vaginitis, thrush
55
Microbe & Disease?
Enterobius vermicularis
PARASITES- HELMINTHS
pinworm infestation
56
Microbe & Disease?
Head Lice
PARASITES- ARTHROPODS
dermatitis
57
The two main layers of the skin are the
epidermis and the dermis.
58
The deepest layer of the epidermis is the
stratum basale, New epidermal cells are produced by division in this layer.
59
What protects the outside of the epidermis?
Keratin protein
60
The uppermost layer of the epidermis is the
stratum corneum.
61
The dermis is made of dense
irregular connective tissue.
62
What glands are located in the dermis
Sweat glands, oil glands and hair (folicles)
63
What and where is Sebum?
lubricates the skin and hair and prevents drying, the ducts of the sebaceous glands open into the hair follicles
64
A hair follicle is
a sheath of epithelial and connective tissue that encloses the hair.
65
The integumentary system
-protects against infection
- protects against dehydration
- regulates body temperature
- collects sensory information
66
Keratin and sebum help
waterproof the skin.
67
Vessels do what in cold conditions
constrict to reduce blood flow and diminish heat loss.
68
Perspiration
draws heat from the skin by evaporating (drying).
69
Sweat includes
water, electrolytes and small amounts of nitrogen-containing wastes.
70
Vitamin D is manufactured from
UV radiation in sunlight.
71
Melanin is produced by
melanocytes in the stratum germinativum (basale).
helps protect against sunlight’s damaging UV radiation.
72
Pallor (paleness) is caused by
reduced blood flow in the skin
73
Cyanosis (blueness) is caused by
not enough oxygen in the blood.
74
macule
small (flat) spot
75
papule
small firm raised spot
76
vesicle
fluid-filled
77
pustule
pus-filled
78
excoriation
scrape
79
laceration
- tear
80
ulcer -
open sore
81
fissure -
deep crack
82
Interruption of circulation from pressure can cause
skin sores over the spine, heels, elbows, and hip.
83
Jaundice is
a yellowish discoloration caused by excess bilirubin (a bile pigment) such as in hepatitis.
84
Two factors used to assess burns are
1) the depth of damage and 2) percentage of body surface area involved.
85
Exposure to sunlight
predisposes one to skin cancer.
86
Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas originate in the
epidermis.
87
Melanoma originates
in melanocytes.
88
Impetigo is caused by
staphylococcal bacteria forming of blister-like lesions that become filled with pus.
89
Herpes is caused by the
herpes simplex virus. characterized by (painful) watery vesicles on the mucous membranes and skin.
90
Shingles is caused by
the chickenpox (varicella) virus, producing painful, small, vesicular lesions along the course of a nerve
91
Human papilloma viruses cause
warts, associated with cancer on the genitals and on the cervix.
92
Superficial mycotic infections are known as
1) tinea or 2) ringworm.
93
The main two characteristics of eczema is
intense itching (pruritus) and skin inflammation.
94
Psoriasis is a
chronic overgrowth of keratinocytes leading to large, sharply outlined, red plaques covered with silvery scales.
95
Acne is caused by
1) Excessive sebum production and 2) reduced keratinocyte shedding
96
The deepest layer of the epidermis is where
keratinized cells form a protective layer.
triglyceride is stored.
new epidermal cells are produced.
structures such as glands and hair follicles are located.
new epidermal cells are produced.
97
What protects against UV radiation in sunlight.
perspiration
all of these
melanin
keratin
melanin
98
What substances are found in sweat? (Select all that apply)
water
oil
keratin
electrolytes
water
electrolytes
99
Where are nerve endings located?
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
all of these
dermis
100
In cold conditions cutaneous blood vessels
it depends
dilate
constrict
constrict
101
A lack of oxygen in blood can cause
flushing
cyanosis
jaundice
loss of pigmentation
cyanosis
102
Prolonged pressure that interrupts circulation in the skin leads to
risk of basal cell carcinoma
yellowish discoloration
death of tissue
dryness and fissures
death of tissue
103
Herpes simplex virus causes
vesicles
cervical cancer
pustules
warts
vesicles
104
Eczema is
caused by Staphylococcus
chronic overgrowth of epidermis
a superficial fungal infection
itchy inflammatory condition
itchy inflammatory condition
105
Basal cell carcinoma originates in the
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
melanocytes
epidermis
106
What is disease?
Abnormality of structure or function
107
Name several categories of disease
Infection
Degenerative disease
Metabolic disorders
Immune Disorders
Neoplasms
108
aspirin
(acetylsalicylic Acid or ASA)
Salicylates
NSAIDS
Anti Inflammatories
109
celecoxib
COX-2 inhibitor
NSAIDS
Anti Inflammatories
(Celebrex)
110
ibuprofen
NSAIDS
Anti Inflammatories
(Advil, Motrin)
111
naproxen
NSAIDS
Anti Inflammatories
(Aleve)
112
ketorolac
NSAIDS
Anti Inflammatories
(Toradol)
113
infliximab
TNF blocker
Anti Inflammatories
Immunomodulator
(Remicade)
114
allopurinol
Uric acid reducer
Anti Inflammatories
Antigout
115
acetaminophen
Analgesics
and antipyretic
Tylenol
116
hydrocodone
Opioid
analgesics
Norco
117
acetaminophen
Opioid
analgesics
118
morphine sulfate
Opioid analgesics
119
hydromorphone
Opioid
analgesics
Dilaudid
120
oxycodone
Opioid
analgesics
121
fentanyl
Opioid
analgesics
122
naloxone
Opioid
antagonists
(Narcan)
123
sumatriptan
Triptans
Antimigraine
Imitrex
124
PCN –G
IV/IM
Basic Penicillins
10% have cross allergenicity with cephalosporins
Rash, itching, and shortness of breath may indicate anaphylaxis; if
these symptoms occur, prepare to administer epinephrine
125
PCN-V
PO
Basic Penicillins
10% have cross allergenicity with cephalosporins
If a patient has history of a rash with a medication in this drug class,
consider that the provider will order a different drug class if an alternative
is needed, such as erythromycin, doxycycline, clarithromycin, depending
on the particular infection
126
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
PO
Broad spectrum Penicillins
Augmentin
A rash may develop; hold the drug and notify provider
127
1st gen: cephazolin (Keflex)
2nd gen: cephalexin (Ancef)
3rd gen: ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Cephalosporins
hey all begin with a ceph/cef
Rocephin
1st-5th generations: Higher generations broader spectrum, less resistance and
more distribution into the brain tissue
128
Azithromycin
Macrolide
129
erythromycin
Macrolide
130
gentamicin
IM/IV
Aminoglycoside
get pt history of possible renal or hearing disorders in the past
131
Ciprofloxaxin, levofloxacin
Flouroquinolones
note: all end with –floxacin
132
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
(MP-SMZ)
Sulfonamides
most strongly associated with Stevens-Johnson
Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
133
metronidazole
Antiprotozoan
for protozoa infection
sed for protozoa infection including giardia and Trichomonas
vaginalis, also for anaerobic bacterial infections including Gardnerella that is a culprit in
BV
134
vancomycin
Other antibiotic
135
INH
isoniazid
Anti-Tuberculosis
136
rifampin
Anti-Tuberculosis
137
amphotericin B, fluconazole
Antifungal
138
nystatin, fluconazole
Antifungal
139
clotrimazole
Antifungal
140
oseltamivir
Antivirals
Flu
141
acyclovir
Antivirals
herpes family
(HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV
142
