Exam 4 Flashcards
Ch 7 & 8 (261 cards)
1
Q
List 5 functions of the skeletal system.
A
- Act as a framework for body
- Protect delicate structures
- Word as levers to produce movement
- Store calcium
- Produce blood cells.
2
Q
Name the bone cell that builds bone tissue:
A
Osteoblasts
3
Q
Name the bone cell that resorbs (breaks down) bone tissue:
A
osteoclasts
4
Q
List two components in bone matrix that give it hardness and strength.
A
- collagen
- calcium salts
5
Q
Explain the function of red bone marrow.
A
to manufacture all blood cells
6
Q
Explain how blood calcium levels are kept within tight limits.
A
by altering deposition and resorption of bone tissue (controlled by negative feedback loop)
7
Q
Define the bone marking process:
A
large projection of bone
8
Q
Define the bone marking foramen:
A
hole allowing blood vessels to pass through
9
Q
Define osteoporosis.
A
significant reduction in bone density and mass
10
Q
List three bones that are prone to fracture.
A
spine, pelvic girdle, and long bones.
11
Q
Explain why menopause can lead to osteoporosis.
A
because decreasing estrogen, increases osteoclast activity
12
Q
Define osteomyelitis.
A
inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria.
13
Q
Give the medical term for hunchback:
A
kyphosis
14
Q
Give the medical term for swayback:
A
lordosis
15
Q
Give the medical term for lateral curvature:
A
scoliosis
16
Q
How much can fibrous joints move?
A
synarthrosis joints are immovable
17
Q
How much can cartilaginous joints move?
A
amphiarthrosis joints are slightly moveable.
18
Q
How much can synovial joints move?
A
diarthrosis joints are freely moveable.
19
Q
Give two examples of cartilaginous joints:
A
pubic symphysis, and joints between vertebral bodies.
20
Q
Describe the material between the bones in freely movable joints
A
synovial fluid
21
Q
Explain the function of ligaments.
A
hold bones together and stabilize joints
22
Q
Explain the function of articular cartilage.
A
protects the bone surfaces.
23
Q
Bending the foot downward:
A
plantarflexion
24
Q
Twisting a bone on its axis:
A
rotation
25
Turning the palm backward:
pronation
26
Decreasing the angle between bones:
flexion
27
Moving away from the midline:
abduction
28
Increasing the angle between bones (“straightening”):
extension
29
Turning the palm forward:
supination
30
Extending beyond anatomic position:
hyperextension
31
Bending the foot upward:
dorsiflexion
32
Drawing an imaginary circle in the air:
circumduction
33
Define sprain.
wrenching of a joint with ligament tear or rupture.
34
Explain how a herniated disk can cause back spasms or pain along the sciatic nerve.
it puts pressure on the spinal cord and spinal nerves
35
Explain how osteoarthritis usually occurs.
older adults as a result of normal wear and tear of the joints.
36
List two changes to cartilage and to bone in osteoarthritis.
cartilage atrophies and dies, and bone spurs.
37
Name the type of disorder rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be.
autoimmune disorder.
38
In gout, explain what causes the joints to become inflamed.
metabolic disorder with deposits of uric acid crystals.
39
forehead bone
frontal bone
40
superior and lateral bones of skull
parietal bone(s)
41
posterior and inferior bones skull
occipital bone
42
lateral bones of skull
temporal bone(s)
43
lower jaw bone
mandible
44
upper jaw bone
maxilla(e)
45
spine bone
vertebra(e)
46
neck bone
cervical vertebra(e)
47
mid back bone
thoracic vertebra(e)
48
low back bone
lumbar vertebra(e)
49
bone between the hip bone
sacrum vertebra(e)
50
tail bone
coccyx
51
bones of the ribcage
sib(s)
52
breast bone
sternum
53
collarbone
clavicle(s)
54
shoulder blade
scapula(e)
55
arm bone
humerus (humeri)
56
lateral forearm bone
radius(es)
57
medial forearm bone
ulna(e)
58
wrist bone
carpal(s)
59
palm bone
meta capal(s)
60
finger bone
phalanx (phalanges)
61
superior bone of pelvis
ilium (ilia)
62
inferior bone of pelvis
ischium (ischia)
63
anterior bone of pelvis
pubic (pubes)
64
thigh bone
femur (femurs)
65
knee cap
patella(e)
66
shin bone
tibia(e)
67
lateral leg bone
fibula(e)
68
ankle bone
tarsal(s)
69
heel bone
calcaneus (calcanei)
70
foot bone
metatarsal(s)
71
toe bone
phalanx (phalanges)
72
Osteoblasts
build cartilage tissue
resorb (break down) bone tissue
build bone tissue
manufacture blood cells
build bone tissue
73
A foramen is:
a hole in a bone
a large projection of a bone
a hole in a bone
74
The sacrum is
the anterior bone of the pelvis
posterior bone of the pelvis
the superior portion of the pelvis
the inferior bone of the pelvis
posterior bone of the pelvis
75
What bones is the scapula attached to? (Select all that apply)
clavicle
vertebra
humerus
sternum
clavicle
humerus
76
What is true about cervical vertebrae?
They are found in the neck
The ribs are attached to them
They form the lower spine
They are found in the neck
77
Which of these bones is the acromion a part of?
scapula
temporal bone
femur
sternum
scapula
78
Which condition is characterized by a loss of bone mass?
lordosis
osteomyelitis
osteoporosis
osteoarthritis
osteoporosis
79
When you increase the angle between the femur and tibia you are:
extending the hip
flexing the hip
flexing the knee
extending the knee
extending the knee
80
What is the function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?
hold together bones in the joint
protects the bone surfaces
enclose the joint
lubricate the joint
protects the bone surfaces
81
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
joint infection
uric acid crystals
autoimmune disorder
normal wear and tear
autoimmune disorder
82
amphiarthrosis
A type of slightly movable joint, such as the joints between the vertebrae.
83
endosteum
A thin membrane lining the inner surface of the bone marrow cavity.
84
osteon
The structural unit of compact bone, also called a Haversian system.
85
arthritis
Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness.
86
epiphysis
The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
87
osteopenia
A condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal, precursor to osteoporosis.
88
arthroscope
A small camera inserted into a joint for diagnostic and surgical procedures.
89
extremity
A limb or appendage of the body, such as an arm or leg.
90
osteoporosis
A condition where bones become weak and brittle due to loss of tissue.
91
arthroplasty
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint.
92
fontanel
Soft spot on a baby's skull where the bones have not yet fused.
93
periosteum
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
94
articulation
The location where two or more bones meet; a joint.
95
joint
A structure in the body where two bones are joined, allowing for movement.
96
resorption
The process of breaking down and assimilating bone tissue into the bloodstream.
97
bone marrow
The soft tissue found in the hollow interior of bones, responsible for blood cell production.
98
osteoblast
A cell that builds new bone tissue.
99
skeleton
The internal framework of the body made up of bones.
100
bursa
A small fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues of the body.
101
osteoclast
A cell that breaks down bone tissue during growth and healing.
102
synarthrosis
A type of joint that is immovable, such as the sutures in the skull.
103
circumduction
Circular movement of a limb that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
104
osteocyte
A mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.
105
synovial
Pertaining to a freely movable joint enclosed by a capsule filled with synovial fluid.
106
diaphysis
The shaft or central part of a long bone.
107
diarthrosis
108
List the functions of bones.
-Act as a framework for body
-Protect delicate structures
Examples: brain and spinal cord
-Work as levers to produce movement
-Store calcium
-Produce blood cells
109
The skeletal system is made up of
bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue.
110
Name the three different types of cells in bone and describe the functions of each.
- Osteocytes suspended within a matrix hardened with calcium and collagen.
-Osteoblasts: build bone tissue.
-Osteoclasts: break down bone tissue (resorption)
111
Osseous (Bone) Tissue
tores calcium and red bone marrow that produces all blood cell types.
112
What mineral is deposited in the skeleton to harden it?
calcium phosphate
113
What are the two types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, building new bone tissue.
Osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, breaking down and removing old bone tissue.
These two cell types work together in a continuous process called bone remodeling to maintain bone health and strength.
114
What is the function of red bone marrow?
hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells
115
Which protein makes up a major component of the bone matrix?
A.Keratin
B.Collagen
C.Melanin
D.Calcium
Collagen
116
Explain how the bones help regulate calcium levels:
Bones strengthen and remodel in response to physical stresses.
Bones play important role in blood calcium concentrations.
Bone deposition (building) and resorption (break down) controlled by hormones and vitamin D levels.
Hormones: parathyroid hormone (PTH) and sex hormones.
117
Decreased blood calcium levels will result in?
A.Increased bone breakdown
B.Increase bone density
C.Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
D.No effect
Increased bone breakdown
118
Name and describe nine markings found on bones:
PROJECTIONS
-head
-process
-condyle
-crest
-spine
DEPRESSIONS or HOLES
-foramen
-sinus
-foss
-meatus
(KNOW: process and foramen)
119
What are the functions of bone markings?
help form joints, serve as muscle attachment points, and allow passage of nerve and blood vessels
120
Name regions of the axial skeleton.
SKULL
- Cranium
FACIAL
- Facial
- Mandible
- Maxillae
- Zygomatic
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Vomer
- Palatine
- Inferior nasal conchae
OSSICLE
- Ear Bone
TRUNK
- Vertebral
- Thorax
- Sternum
- Ribs
121
Describe the Cranium
8 bones, chamber enclosing the brain, housing the ear and forms part of the eye socket.
122
Name cranium bones:
1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
Also 1 ethmoid and 1 sphenoid
123
Describe the facial bones
14 bones, forming the face and chambers for sensory organs
124
Name the face bones
Mandible
2 maxillae
Also: zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal conchae
125
Describe the mandible
Lower jaw.
126
Describe the maxillae
2 bones (fused), upper jaw
127
Describe the zygomatic
2 bones, prominence of cheeks
128
Describe the nasal bones
2 bones, Bridge of nose
129
Describe the lacrimal
2 bones, Anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity
Inferior part of nasal septum
130
Describe the vomer
posterior part of hard palate
131
Describe the palatine
2 bones, side of nasal cavities
132
Describe inferior nasal conchae
2 bones, scroll-shaped located on the lateral wall of internal nasal cavity.
133
Define ear bones
3 bones, transmit sound waves through middle ear.
134
Describe vertebrae
26 bones, enclose the spinal cord.
135
Describe the the C-spine
7 Cervical vertebrae
136
Describe the T-spine
12 thoracic vertebraw
137
Describe the L-spine
5 lumber vertebrae
138
What is the intervertebral foramen?
for spinal nerves
139
Describe base under spine
Sacram and coccyx
140
Describe the sternum
anterior bone of the thorax
141
Describe ribs
12 pairs, enclose the organs of the thorax
142
Identify ribs?
7 pair true ribs (attached to spine and sternum)
4 pair false ribs (attached to spine and anterior ribs, not sternum)
2 pair floating ribs (attached to spine only, ending in the posterior abdominal wall musculature.
143
Describe the normal curves of the spine and explain their purpose.
An "S" shape, crucial for weight distribution, flexibility, shock absorption, balance and range of motion.
144
Axial skeleton-
80 bones of the head and trunk
145
Appendicular skeleton-
126 bones of the extremities
146
What bones make up the skull?
1 Frontal
2 Parietal
2 Temporal
1 Occipital
Also the ethmoid and sphenoid
147
What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical
Thorasic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
148
Name regions of the appendicular skeleton.
UPPER DIVISION
- Shoulder girdle
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Upper extremity
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
LOWER DIVISION
- Pelvis
- Os coxae
- Lower extremity
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal bones
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
149
Describe the Shoulder girdle
Clavicle: anterior, between sternum and scapula.
Scapula: posterior, anchors muscles that move arm.
150
What are the upper extremities?
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
151
What is the humerus?
large upper arm bone
152
What is the ulna?
MEDIAL bone of forearm
153
What is the radius?
LATERAL bone of forearm
154
What are the carpals?
8 wrist bones
155
What are the metacarpals?
5 palm bones
156
What are the phalanges?
14 finger bones
157
Describe the Pelvis
2 Os coxae - join sacrum and coccyx of vertebral column to form the bony pelvis
158
What are the Lower extremities?
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal bones
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
159
What is the femur?
large upper leg thigh bone
160
What is the patella?
knee cap
161
What is the tibia?
MEDIAL bone of leg
162
What is the fibula?
LATERAL bone of leg
163
What are the tarsal bones?
7 ankle bones
164
What are the metatarsal bones?
5 instep bones
165
What are the phalanges?
14 toe bones
166
Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull?
A. Parietal bone
B. Temporal bone
C. Occipital bone
D. Sphenoid bone
2 parietal
1 occipital
167
Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder girdle?
A. Sternum
B. Humerus
C. Scapula
D. Ulna
humerus and scapula
168
Describe bone disorders:
-Metabolic diseases-Tumors
-Infections
-Structural problems
169
Osteoporosis disorder type and characteristics:
Postmenopausal Metabolic Disorders-Excess loss of bone tissue.-Significant reduction in bone density (increased risk fracture)
170
Osteopenia disorder type and characteristics:
Postmenopausal Metabolic Disorders-Excess loss of bone tissue.-Mild to moderate reduction in bone density.
171
Osteosarcoma
bone cells
172
Chondrosarcoma
cartilage cells
173
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria-Bacteria introduced by trauma or borne by blood.
174
Spinal Curve Abnormalities
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
175
What is Kyphosis?
Spinal Curve Abnormality hunchback: exaggerate thoracic curvature
176
What is Lordosis?
Spinal Curve Abnormality swayback: exaggerated lumbar curvature
177
What is Scoliosis?
Spinal Curve Abnormality lateral curvature
178
Which disorder causes a significant decrease in bone density?
Osteoporosis
179
Which abnormal curve is an exaggerated thoracic curve?
Kyphosis
180
Which is an exaggerated lumbar curve?
Lordosis
181
Patient K has a deep laceration on her leg. What could be a potential complication of this injury?
A. Osteopenia
B. Scoliosis
C. Osteogenesis imperfecta
D. Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis
182
Describe three categories of joints based on degree of movement.
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Synarthrosis (slight movement)
Diarthroses (freely movable)
183
Describe synarthrosis joints.
immovable
Fibrous;
No joint cavity;
Fibrous connective tissue between bones
Sutures between skull bones
184
Describe synarthrosis joints.
slightly moveable
No joint cavity; cartilage (or fibrous tissue) between bones
Pubic symphysis; joints between vertebral bodies
185
Describe diarthroses joints
freely movable
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle
186
What are ligaments?
Hold bones together
Stabilize and reinforce joints.
187
What is articular cartilage?
Protects bone surgaces.
188
Forward/Backward movement of leg from him.
Flexion is mid-line forward.
Extension is back to bid-line.
Hyperextension is midline backward.
189
Center to side movement of leg from hip.
Abduction is midline outward.
Adduction is back to midline.
190
Circular movement of leg from hip.
Circumduction
191
Forward/Backward movement of foot from ankle.
Dorsiflexion is toward self.
Plantar flexion is away from self.
192
Side to side movement of foot from ankle.
Inversion is toward self.
Eversion is away from self.
193
Rotation of hand from writs.
Pronation is toward self with palm down.
Supination is away from self with palm up/forward.
194
Synovial Joint Features?
Ligaments
Articular Cartilage
Joint capsule and cavity containing a synovial membraine.
195
What is the most freely movable type of joint?
Diarthroses
(synovial)
196
What type of tissue covers and protects the ends of the bones?
Articular cartilage
197
The elbow would be an example of a(n) _____ joint.
A. Synovial
B. Amphiarthroses
C. Synarthroses
Synovial
198
Describe three types of joint disorders:
-Mechanical (stress) disorders.
-Herniated disk.
-Arthritis
199
What is a sprain:
-Mechanical (Stress) Disorder of ligament tear or rupture.
-Usually due to abnormal or excessive joint movement.
-Causes pain and swelling
200
What is a herniated Disk?
Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through fibrocartilage of intervertebral discs (IVD)
201
What is Osteoarthritis (OA):
degenerative joint disease (DJD) cause by normal wear and tear of joints.
202
What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
inflammatory autoimmune condition targeting synovium.
203
What is gout:
metabolic disorder due to excessive uric acid forming crystals in joins.
204
What type of injury results in a tear or rupture in a ligament?
sprain
205
What type of arthritis is characterized by destruction of the joints by the immune system?
A.Rheumatoid arthritis
B.Osteoporosis
C.Osteoarthritis
D.Gout
Rheumatoid arthritis
206
What type(s) of muscle tissue is involuntary?
207
What type(s) of muscle tissue is voluntary?
208
What is a tendon?
209
Where do signals that stimulate skeletal muscles come from?
210
What occurs at the neuromuscular junction?
211
What two kinds of proteins that make up the filaments within a skeletal muscle fiber?
212
What electrolyte is needed for muscle contraction?
213
What is the function of myoglobin?
214
What is the function of creatine phosphate?
215
What is the type of exercise that causes muscle to increase in size?
216
What type of exercise leads to improved muscular endurance?
217
What happens to the muscle length during isotonic contractions?
218
What happens to the muscle length during isometric contractions?
219
What are the two types of muscle attachments?
220
What is an antagonist?
221
What is muscle atrophy and what causes it?
222
What is muscle strain?
223
What is rhabdomyolysis?
224
What is the major cause of rhabdomyolysis?
225
What is the effect of rhabdomyolysis on the bloodstream and kidneys?
226
What is duchenne muscular dystrophy?
227
What does duchenne muscular dystrophy result in?
228
What is the cause of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?
229
What is myalgia?
230
What are the five symptoms that make up fibromyalgia syndrome?
231
What is plantar fasciitis?
232
acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contraction by transmitting nerve impulses across the neuromuscular junction.
233
membrane potential
The electrical charge difference across a cell's plasma membrane essential for muscle and nerve cell function.
234
synapse
The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle cell where nerve signals are transmitted.
235
actin
A thin protein filament in muscle fibers that plays a key role in muscle contraction by interacting with myosin.
236
motor unit
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.
237
synergist
A muscle that assists the action of the prime mover to perform a movement.
238
action potential
A rapid electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve or muscle cell leading to contraction.
239
myalgia
Muscle pain.
240
tendon
A tough fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
241
agonist
The primary muscle responsible for producing a specific movement; also called the prime mover.
242
myoglobin
An oxygen-binding protein in muscle cells that provides oxygen for muscle activity.
243
tonus
A state of partial muscle contraction that maintains posture and readiness for action.
244
antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of an agonist providing control and balance to movements.
245
myosin
A thick protein filament in muscle cells that interacts with actin to cause muscle contraction.
246
tropomyosin
A regulatory protein that blocks the binding sites on actin molecules until the muscle is stimulated.
247
atrophy
The wasting away or decrease in size of a body part typically muscle
248
neuromuscular junction
The synapse or connection between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
249
troponin
A protein complex that binds to tropomyosin and actin and helps regulate muscle contraction.
250
contractility
The ability of muscle tissue to shorten and generate force.
251
neurotransmitter
Chemical substances released by neurons to transmit signals across a synapse to another cell.
252
excitability
The ability of muscle or nerve tissue to respond to stimuli.
253
origin
The fixed attachment point of a muscle typically proximal or closest to the body’s midline.
254
fascicle
A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue within a muscle.
255
prime moverThe main muscle responsible for a particular movement (same as agonist).
A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue within a muscle.
256
glycogen
A stored form of glucose found in muscle and liver cells used for energy.
257
sarcomere
The functional unit of a muscle fiber made of actin and myosin
258
insertion
The movable attachment of a muscle typically distal or farther from the body's midline.
259
spasm
An involuntary sudden muscle contraction often associated with pain.
260
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