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Biopsychology 316 > Exam 3 - 2/21, 2.23 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - 2/21, 2.23 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Marijuana

Marijuana is the dried and crushed leaves and flowers of the Indian hemp plant, _________

A

Cannabis sativa

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2
Q

Marijuana -

The major psychoactive ingredient is _________ (THC).

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

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3
Q

Marijuana -

THC binds with cannabinoid receptors on the ____-synaptic terminals, which ordinarily respond to endogenous cannabinoids (_________ and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG))

A
  • pre

- Anandamide

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4
Q

Marijuana -

THC binds with _________ receptors on the pre-synaptic terminals, which ordinarily respond to _________ cannabinoids (Anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG))

A
  • cannabinoid

- endogenous

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5
Q

Marijuana -

Endogenous cannabinoids released from _________ terminal

A

postsynaptic

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6
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:
- _________ are on presynaptic terminals
– _________ release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals

A
  • Receptors

- Inhibit

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7
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:
-Receptors are on _________ terminals
–Inhibit release of neurotransmitters from _________ terminals

A
  • presynaptic

- presynaptic

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8
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

_________ the release of glutamate and _________

A
  • Inhibit

- GABA

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9
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

Inhibit the release of _________ and GABA

A

-glutamate

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10
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

Indirectly increases dopamine levels in _________ by inhibiting GABA

A

ventral tegmental area

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11
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

Indirectly _________ dopamine levels in ventral tegmental area by inhibiting _________

A
  • increases

- GABA

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12
Q

Marijuana -

  • Receptors in _________
  • -Impaired cognitive function
  • -Distortions of time and sensory perception
A

frontal cortex

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13
Q

Marijuana -

  • Receptors in frontal cortex
  • -Impaired _________ function
  • -Distortions of time and _________ perception
A
  • cognitive

- sensory

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14
Q

Marijuana -

Receptors in _________
Disrupts memory

A

hippocampus

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15
Q

Marijuana -

Receptors in areas that affect movement/coordination including _________

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

_________ -

LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

A

Hallucinogens

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17
Q

-Hallucinogens-
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

  • Cause _________ distortions in the user
  • -Light, color, and details are _________ , objects may change shape, sounds may evoke visual experiences, and light may produce _________ sensations
A
  • perceptual
  • intensified
  • auditory
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18
Q

-Hallucinogens-
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

Chemically similar to the neurotransmitter _________
Stimulate postsynaptic serotonin type 2A receptors (5-HT2A) at _________ times or for longer duration

A
  • serotonin

- inappropriate

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19
Q

-Hallucinogens-
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

Chemically similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin
Stimulate postsynaptic serotonin type ___ receptors (5-HT2A) at inappropriate times or for _________ duration

A
  • 2A

- longer

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20
Q

_________-

Increases release of dopamine and several other transmitters

A

Amphetamine

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21
Q

_________-

Excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue

A

Amphetamine / Cocaine

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22
Q

_________- Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters

A

Cocaine

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23
Q

_________- Blocks reuptake of dopamine and others, but gradually

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

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24
Q

_________- Releases dopamine

Releases serotonin, damages axons containing serotonin

A

MDMA “ecstasy”

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25
_________- Low dose: stimulant Higher dose: sensory distortions
MDMA “ecstasy"
26
_________- Increased concentration
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
27
_________- Mostly stimulant effects
Nicotine
28
_________ - Stimulates nicotinic-type acetylcholine receptor, which (among other effects) increases dopamine release in nucleus _________
- Nicotine | - accumbens
29
_________- Relaxation, withdrawal, decreased pain
Opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine)
30
_________- Stimulates opioid receptors
Opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine
31
_________- Altered sensory experiences, decreased pain and nausea, increased appetite
Cannabinoids (marijuana)
32
_________ - Excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells; those receptors ordinarily respond to _________ and 2AG
- Cannabinoids (marijuana) | - anandamide
33
_________ - Distorted sensations
Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD)
34
_________ - Stimulates serotonin type 2A receptors (__-HT2A)
- Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD) | - 5
35
Theories have been proposed to account for addiction - Pleasurable, _________ effects of drugs - Avoidance of _________ effects
- reinforcing | - withdrawal
36
-Theories of Addiction- Positive drug effects (pleasure) Theory = Addictive drugs are positive _________ – produce pleasant _________ states
- reinforcers | - emotional
37
-Theories of Addiction- Drug use is maintained because drugs induce a _________ that addicts seek repeatedly
high
38
-Theories of Addiction- Positive drug effects (pleasure) - _________ with theory - -Pleasurable effects need to be huge to counter aversive _________ of drug use and for the memory of the pleasure to initiate further drug use
- Issues | - consequences
39
-Theories of Addiction- Positive drug effects (pleasure) -Issues with theory --Weak correlation between _________ induced by drugs and addiction
euphoria
40
-Theories of Addiction- Many addictive drugs do not produce powerful _________ effects when first taken (e.g., nicotine)
euphoric
41
-Theories of Addiction- Addicts report drug is not producing the high anymore but still _________ seek drug and can’t explain why
compulsively
42
-Theories of Addiction- Within a drug binge, _________ develops to subjective effects but does not _________ drug use
- tolerance | - stop
43
-Theories of Addiction- Avoidance of withdrawal Theory = drugs are re-administered to prevent _________ symptoms
withdrawal
44
-Theories of Addiction- Issues with theory - People re-administer drugs long after withdrawal has ceased – after long periods of _________ - Relief of withdrawal is not an effective _________ for addiction
- abstinence | - treatment
45
-Theories of Addiction- The pleasurable effects of drugs do not seem to _________ why people continue to take drugs
explain
46
-Theories of Addiction- There appears to be a dissociation between the _________ effects of drugs and how much addicts _________ to take drugs
- pleasurable | - want
47
_________- - Activated by natural rewards such as food, water, sex - Things that activate this system become more desirable - Addictive drugs also activate this dopamine system
The mesolimbocortical dopamine system
48
The mesolimbocortical dopamine system - Activated by natural rewards such as _________, water, _________ - Things that activate this system become more desirable - Addictive drugs also activate this dopamine system
- food | - sex
49
The mesolimbocortical dopamine system - Activated by natural rewards such as food, water, sex - Things that activate this system become more _________ - _________ drugs also activate this dopamine system
- desirable | - Addictive
50
The _________ dopamine system - Activated by _________ rewards such as food, water, sex - Things that activate this system become more desirable - Addictive drugs also activate this _________ system
- mesolimbocortical - natural - dopamine
51
Factors that affect addiction vulnerability: | _________ - exposure to drugs
Environment
52
Factors that affect addiction vulnerability: _________ – some individuals have an increased risk of addiction because of their genetic make-up --The children of alcoholics are ___ times more likely to develop alcoholism even if adopted by non-alcoholic families
- Genetic | - 4
53
Factors that affect addiction vulnerability: *Genetic – some individuals have an _________ risk of addiction because of their genetic make-up The children of alcoholics are 4 times more likely to develop _________ even if adopted by non-alcoholic families
- increased | - alcoholism
54
Sensitivity to the initial effects of alcohol affects _________ use and the probability of _________
- subsequent | - addiction
55
Metabolism of alcohol: _____ = alcohol dehydrogenase; _____ = aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ADH | - ALDH
56
Individuals Who are _________ Sensitive to Alcohol are _________ Likely to Develop Alcoholism
- Less | - More
57
XXXXXXXXXX How Can We Identify the Genes That Determine Sensitivity to Alcohol? _________ (Drosophila Melanogaster)
Fruit flies
58
Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention _________ therapy Alcoholics anonymous, narcotics anonymous
Behavioral
59
Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention _________ (drugs) -Replacement therapies – replace addictive drugs (_________)
- Pharmacotherapeutics | - agonists
60
Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention - Block effects of addictive drugs (_________) - -Naltrexone/_______ (alcohol and opiates)
- antagonists | - naloxone
61
Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention -Alter the efficacy of addictive drugs (_________)
vaccines
62
Alcohol: Disulfiram (_________) Disulfiram inhibits _________ causing an increase in acetaldehyde levels
- Antabuse | - aldehyde dehydrogenase
63
- LAST CARD - Alcohol: Disulfiram (Antabuse) Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase causing an increase in _________ levels
acetaldehyde

Biopsychology 316 (14 decks)

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