Exam 3

Question 1

Define Cladogran

Answer 1

a graphic representation of phylogeny

Question 2

Egg producing structure in plants

Answer 2

Archegonium

Question 3

The products of double fertilization

Answer 3

Zygote and primary endosperm

Question 4

Portion of the pistil upon which pollen is deposited in the process of pollenation

Answer 4

Stigma

Question 5

Another name for the megagametophyte in the gynmosperms and angiosperms

Answer 5

ovule

Question 6

A heterosporous sporophyte produces what?

Answer 6

Two kinds of spores which develop into unisexual gametophytes

Question 7

Modern prokaryotes with which plant chlorplasts share several similarities

Answer 7

Cyanobacteria

Question 8

What is a natural group?

Answer 8

A group composed of all descendants of a given common ancestor

Question 9

Companion cells are always found in the presence of what?

Answer 9

sieve tube elements

Question 10

Which plant groups are composed of species that do not require free water for reproduction?

Answer 10

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 11

What plant group is composed of species with free living independent gametophytes?

Answer 11

seedless vascular plants

Question 12

Wood is formed of what?

Answer 12

secondary xylem

Question 13

Plant tissue that transports water and sugar from the leaves downward to the roots and all points in between

Answer 13

xylem

Question 14

What are the four common characteristics of all modern life that have been retained from the original common ancestor?

Answer 14

DNA based storage of genetic info, universal genetic code, genetic info expressed as proteins, celuarity

Question 15

Which plant phyla are composed of species possessing tracheids?

Answer 15

Lycophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta

Question 16

Which cells are found in xylem?

Answer 16

Tracheids and vessels

Question 17

What part of the plant develops from the pericarp?

Answer 17

fruit

Question 18

Which of the following plant groups are natural?

Answer 18

Angiosperms, gymnosperms, nonvascular plants, seed plants

Question 19

Specialized sporangia associated leaves in the angiosperms

Answer 19

carpels?

Question 20

Define macroevolution

Answer 20

Change in form, function, frequencies that result in new speciation

Question 21

Which of the following conditions are essential for macroevolution?

Answer 21

Reproductive isolation and mutation

Question 22

Based on the condition of early earth environment, what traits did the first prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 22

capable of anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Question 23

Who uncovered evidence of extensive horizontal gene transfer between bacterial cells?

Answer 23

Perna

Question 24

The original common ancestor of all life on earth was most likely

Answer 24

A community of prokaryotic cells

Question 25

Plant fluid conducting cells that appear very similar to those found in fossilized prototracheophytes

Answer 25

Leptoids and hydroids

Question 26

Which trends are evident in the evolution of land plants?

Answer 26

Increased vascular complexity, reduction in gametophyte size

Question 27

Source of nutrition for developing gymnosperm sporophyte embryo

Answer 27

nucellus

Question 28

Source of nutrition for developing angiosperm megagametophyte

Answer 28

Endosperm tissue

Question 29

Size of immature angiosperm microgametophyte

Answer 29

2 cells

Question 30

Characteristics shared by species of acrhaebacteria and eukaryotes

Answer 30

Introns present, first ammino acid is methionine

Question 31

What characteristics of the common ancestor in all modern land plants?

Answer 31

Cellulose cell walls, cell plate formation during cell division

Question 32

Summarize the evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of the eukaryotic cell

Answer 32

double membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, presence of circular DNA in mito and chloro, mito and chloro genes lack introns, first ammino acid in mito and chloro formylmethionine, genes present in organelle DNA more closely related to prok genes than euk, and organelles reproduce via binary fission like proks

Question 33

What is an isolating barrier and give an example

Answer 33

Isolates populations that were once part of a common gene pool. Glaciation, changing sea levels, changing climates

Question 34

Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell origin?

Answer 34

Margulis

Question 35

In plants, development begins at_____ and ends at _____?

Answer 35

Birth, death

Question 36

Define evolution

Answer 36

Process of change

Question 37

Define theory

Answer 37

coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena

Question 38

Define Hypothesis

Answer 38

a testable and refutable explanation for a given event

Question 39

Define species

Answer 39

individuals consistent in their physical and behavioral characteristics and physically and behaviorally distinct from individuals of other species

Question 40

Define microevolution

Answer 40

overtime populations change genetically

Question 41

Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Answer 41

Darwin and Alfred Wallace

Question 42

Agents of organic evolution

Answer 42

mutation, gene flow, non random mating, random genetic drift, natural selection

Question 43

Who proposed the genetic equilibrium theory?

Answer 43

Hardy and Weinberg

Question 44

Define phylogeny

Answer 44

pattern of evolutionary relationships

Question 45

Tracheid characteristics

Answer 45

elongated form, lignigied secondary cell walls, pitted cell wall, dead at maturity, lack protoplasm

Question 46

Vessel element characteristics

Answer 46

elongated form, rigid secondary cell walls, pitted cell walls, dead at maturity, lack protoplasm, perforated cell plate at ends of cell

Question 47

sieve elements

Answer 47

elongated form, alive at maturity, no secondary cell wall thickening, anucleate