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Clinical Med Vocab > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

accommodation

A

adjustment of eye for various distances through modification of lens curvature

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2
Q

amsler grid

A

set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects of central visual field

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3
Q

anisocoria

A

inequality of diameter of pupils; may be normal or congenital. Often normal if inequality is within 1 mm

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4
Q

aphakia

A

condition in which part or all of crystalline lens of eye is absent, usually because of surgical removal for treatment of cataracts

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5
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amount of salts produced by iris, ciliary body, and cornea. Circulates through anterior and posterior chambers of they eye

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6
Q

astigmatism

A

abnormal condition in which light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of cornea or lens

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7
Q

cataracts

A

opacity of lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of lens protein caused by aging

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8
Q

chalazion

A

small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on eye lids, formed by distention of meibomian gland with secretion

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9
Q

choroid

A

middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. Consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of 5 layers

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10
Q

ciliary body

A

thickened part of vascular tunic of eye that joins the iris with anterior portion of the choroid. Consist of 3 zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle

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11
Q

cones

A

photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are only photoreceptor in fovea centralis and become interspersed with increased numbers of rods toward periphery of retina

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12
Q

confrontation

A

test for estimating peripheral vision

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13
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane investing anterior surface of eyeball and posterior surface of lids

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14
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye

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15
Q

cornea

A

clear transparent anterior portion of fibrous coat of eye comprising about one 6th of its surface. It is chief refractory structure of eye

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16
Q

corneal arcus

A

opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 yrs of age. This is due to deposit of lipids in cornea or to hyaline degeneration. May indicate a lipid disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before 40 yrs of age (if seen in younger people, it is called arcus juvenilis)

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17
Q

cotton wool spot

A

ill-defined yellow areas due to infarction of nerve layer of retina

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18
Q

depth perception

A

perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance

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19
Q

diabetic retinopathy (background)

A

condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or micro-aneurysms and presence of hard and soft exudates

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20
Q

diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)

A

condition characterized by development of new vessels as result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of retina toward vitreous humor

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21
Q

diopter

A

refractive power of lens with focal distance of 1 m, used as unit of measurement in refraction

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22
Q

diplopia

A

condition in which single object is perceived as 2 objects (double vision)

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23
Q

drusen

A

tiny yellow or white deposits in retina of eye or on optic nerve head

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24
Q

ectropion

A

eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as edge of the eyelid

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25
episcleritis
inflammation of superficial layers of sclera located in front of insertion of rectus muscle
26
entropion
inversion (inward rolling) of edge or margin; especially margin of lower eyelid
27
exophthalmos
increase in volume of orbital content, causing protrusion of globes forward. It may be bilateral or unilateral. The most common cause of bilateral is Graves' disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected
28
farsightedness
error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina
29
glaucoma
disease of optic nerve wherein nerve cells die, producing increased cupping appearance of optic nerve. Abnormal condition of elevated pressure within eye resulting from obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor. Produces defects in visual field and may result in blindness
30
hemianopia
blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes
31
hordeolum (sty)
suppurative inflammation of sebaceous gland of eyelid
32
hyperopia (farsightedness)
refractive error in which light rays entering eye are focused behind retina
33
hypertelorism
eye spaced widely apart
34
hyphema
blood in anterior chamber of eye in front of iris
35
iris
colored contractile membrane suspended between lens and cornea in aqueous humor of eye, separating anterior and posterior chambers of eyeball and perforated in center by pupil. By contraction and dilation it regulates entrance of light
36
iritis
inflammation of iris
37
legal blindness
in US, person is usually considered legally blind when vision in better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in case of constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in better eye
38
macula (also know as fovea)
site of central vision
39
mydriasis
pupillary dilation
40
miosis
abnormal contraction of pupils
41
myopia (nearsightedness)
condition resulting from refractive error in which light rays entering eye are brought into focus in front of retina
42
night blindness
decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with deficiency in vitamin A
43
nystagmus
involuntary rhythmic movements of eyes; oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed
44
papilledema
edema of optic disc resulting in loss of definition of disc margin; cause often is increased intracranial pressure
45
peripheral vision
vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond macula
46
pinguecula
harmless yellowish nodule in bulbar conjunctiva on either side of iris that stops at limbus
47
presbyopia
hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age
48
pterygium
triangular (patch like) thickening of bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to outer surface of cornea, usually from nasal side, and may cover portion of cornea
49
ptosis
drooping of one or both upper eyelids
50
punctum
tiny aperture (opening) in margin of each eyelid that opens to lacrimal duct
51
red reflex
response caused by light illuminating retina
52
refraction
act of determining nature and degree of refractive errors in eye and correction of them by lens
53
retina
sensory network of eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through optic nerve
54
retinitis pigmentosa
chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of retinal neuroepithelium
55
retinoblastoma
embryonic malignant glioma arising from retina usually during first 2 years of life. Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex see at pupil (cat's eye reflex)
56
rods
photosensitive, outward-directed process of rhodopsin-containing rod cell in external granular layer of retina; many millions of such rods, together with cones, from photoreceptive layer of rods and cones
57
sclera
tough white fibrous tissue which covers so-called white of eye. It extends from optic nerve to cornea
58
scleritis
superficial and deep inflammation of sclera
59
strabismus
condition in which both eyes do not focus on same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently
60
uveitis
inflammation of iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or entire uvea
61
vitreous body
transparent jelly like substance that fills cavity of eyeball, enclosed by hyaloid membrane; it is composed of delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor)
62
xanthelasma
elevated plague commonly found on nasal portion of eyelid due to elevated cholesterol
63
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal auscultated breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes and friction rub
64
apnea
temporary halt to breathing
65
asthma (reactive airway disease)
small airway obstruction caused by inflammation and hyperactive airway
66
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lung
67
barrel chest
increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, often with some degree of kyphosis commonly seen with COPD
68
biot respirations
irregular respiration varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea that lacks repetitive pattern
69
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated infections or bronchial obstruction
70
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchioles
71
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
disease process which causes decreased ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation (nonspecific diagnosis that include chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
72
dyspnea
difficult and labored breathing, shortness of breath
73
egophony
the auditory quality associated with an increased intensity of the spoken voice along with a nasal quality (e's become stuffy broad a's). May be present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue
74
hemoptysis
the coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum from the respiratory tree
75
kyphosis
increased convex curvature of thoracic spine
76
Normal breathing sounds: | vesicular, tubular, bronchovesicular
- heard over most of the lung fields; low pitch, soft and short expirations - heard only over trachea, high pitch; loud and long expirations, sometimes a bit longer than inspiration - heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch; expiration equals inspiration
77
orthopnea
shortness of breath that begins or increases when patient lies down
78
pectoriloquy
striking transmission of voice sounds through the pulmonary structures, so that they are clearly audible through the stethoscope; commonly occurs from lung consolidation
79
pectus carinatum (Pigeon chest)
forward protrusion of the sternum
80
pectus excavatum (Funnel chest)
depression of the sternum
81
resonance
quality of sound heard on percussion of hollow structure such as the chest or abdomen
82
tachypnea
rapid, usually shallow, breathing
83
tactile fremitus
tremor or vibration in any part of the body detected on palpation
84
whispered pectoriloquy
transmission of a whisper in the same way as that of more readily audible speech, commonly detected when the lung is consolidated by pneumonia (increase in the volume of voice sounds)
85
areola
pigmented area surrounding the nipple
86
colostrum
clear or milky fluid that is expressed from the breast before milk production
87
Cooper ligaments
band of subcutaneous fibrous tissue that provides support to the breast
88
duct ectasia
benign condition of the subareolar ducts that can cause a nipple discharge
89
fibroadenoma
benign tumor of the breast
90
fibrocystic disease
benign condition that presents with fluid-filled cyst due to ductal enlargement that is usually bilateral and multiple
91
galactorrhea
lactation not associated with childbearing
92
gynecomastia
abnormally large mammary glands in male; sometimes may excrete milk
93
intraductal papillomas
benign tumors of the subareolar ducts that produce a nipple discharge
94
lactation
production and secretion of milk from the breast
95
mastitis
inflammation of the breast
96
mastodynia
pain in the breast
97
Montgomery follicles
tiny sebaceous glands that may appear on the areola
98
Paget disease
skin manifestation that are indicative of ductal carcinoma
99
Peau d'orange
skin changes of the breast due to edema caused by blockage of the lymph drainage associated with inflammatory breast cancer
100
tail of spence
area where most malignancies of breast tissue occurs
101
thelarche
beginning of female pubertal breast development
102
angina
severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to the myocardium, which reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and ischemia and the sharp precordial pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually refers to angina pectoris
103
arrhythmia
loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat
104
atherosclerotic heart disease
narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart
105
bradycardia
slow beating of the heart, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute
106
bruit
harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one
107
bacterial endocarditis
bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart and valves
108
cardiac tamponade
excessive fluid accumulation between the pericardium and the heart
109
congestive heart failure
failure of the heart to pump effectively resulting in congestion within the pulmonary and systemic circulation of the heart
110
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease
111
myocardial infarction
ischemic myocardial necrosis due to decrease flow to a segment of the myocardium
112
myocarditis
inflammation of myocardium
113
myocardium
middle layer of the heart
114
palpitations
forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity in rhythm
115
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
116
pericardium
fibrous sac encasing the heart
117
tachycardia
rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 beats per minute
118
thrill
fine, palpable sensation

Clinical Med Vocab (5 decks)

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