Exam 3 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
When does the brain grow in frontal areas?
A
From age 3-6
2
Q
What weight percent is the brain at age 6?
A
95% the adult weight
3
Q
When does the brain have another brain spurt after the age of 6?
A
Ages 17-20
4
Q
What are the characteristics of the right brain?
A
Holistic thought
Intuition
Creativity
Art and Music
5
Q
What are the characteristics of the left brain?
A
Analytic thought
Logic
Language
Science and Math
6
Q
When does brain lateralization begin to take place?
A
During the preschool years, preference for left/right is noticeable by age 3
7
Q
Who researched on cognitive growth?
A
Piaget
8
Q
What did Piaget determine about cognitive growth?
A
Conservation, centration, egocentrism
9
Q
What thought process was observed in cognitive growth?
A
Symbolic thought
10
Q
What are the types of information processing that occur over growth?
A
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
11
Q
What is sensory memory?
A
Memory that is brief, a second or less
12
Q
What is Short-term memory?
A
Memory that is chunked, can remember 7+/-2
13
Q
What is Long-term memory?
A
Memory that may be infinite
14
Q
How does memory storage change?
A
The biggest change is speed, and the ability to hold more in short-term memory
15
Q
What is a child’s memory at age 2-5?
A
Can encode and retrieve memories; remember without real understanding (nursery rhymes, phone numbers)
16
Q
How does the memory strategy Recall change over time?
A
Age 4: 2-4 items
Age 8: 7-9 items out of 12
17
Q
What memory strategy do young children not use?
A
Rehearsal
and strategies get more complex over time (organization and elaboration)
18
Q
What type of memory strategies do preschool children have?
A
Narrative memory
Generic memory
Episodic memory
19
Q
What is narrative memory?
A
Memory with language
20
Q
What is generic memory?
A
A script that produces a routine of a familiar, repeated event
21
Q
What is episodic memory?
A
A specific memory in time and place. Must be repeated or novel to remember
22
Q
What percent of children were toilet trained in 1957?
A
92%
23
Q
What percent of children at 18 months were toilet trained in 1999?
A
25% trained at 18 months
24
Q
What percent of children at 3 years were toilet trained in 1999?
A
Only 60%
25
How does a child feel if toilet training takes a long time?
More delay means more feelings of inadequacy and more likelihood the child will be made fun of
26
How does a child feel if toilet training occurs too early?
The child feels pressured and develops anxiety
27
When is a child physically ready for toilet training?
The bladder is not ready for control until at least 18 months
28
When is a child intellectually ready for toilet training?
The child must be able to understand direction
29
When is a child emotionally ready for toilet training?
The child must be able to handle accidents, know how to undress, get to the bathroom on time
30
What is the best way to toilet train a child?
Usually rewards and praise works best; have child sit on the seat at multiple intervals. Punishment doesn't work well
31
Treatment for PTSD?
It use to take 8 years to heal PTSD symptoms, now memories can be resolved in a day
32
Who created Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing treatment for PTSD?
Francine Shapiro
33
Who created Trauma Incident Reduction (TIR) treatment for PTSD?
Frank Gerbode
34
Who created Thought Field Therapy (TFT) treatment for PTSD?
Roger Callahan
35
How many child abuse victims were there in 2009?
676,000
36
Has the amount of child abuse victims been going up or down?
Its down for the 3rd year
37
How many child abuse investigations were there in 2011?
3.7 million
38
What are the different types of child abuse?
```
Neglect
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Medical neglect
```
39
What percent of child abuse is the most prevalent?
Neglect with 78%
40
What percent of child abuse is physical abuse?
18%
41
What percent of child abuse is sexual abuse?
9%
42
What percent of child abuse is emotional abuse?
7.6%
43
What percent of child abuse is the least prevalent?
Medical neglect with 7.6%
44
Who is the greatest offender for child abuse?
Mom at 36.8%
45
What percent of child abuse is the offender dad?
19%
46
What percent of child abuse is the offender mom and dad?
19%
47
What percent of child abuse is the offender non-parental?
13%
48
What percent of victims of child abuse are white?
54%
49
What percent of victims of child abuse are African American?
22%
50
What percent of victims of child abuse are Hispanic?
9%
51
What percent of victims of child abuse are Multiple races?
5%
52
What percent of victims of child abuse are Asian?
0.6%
53
What percent of victims of child abuse are ages 0-1?
12%
| Neglect is #1
54
What percent of victims of child abuse are ages 1-3?
21%
| Neglect is #1
55
What percent of victims of child abuse are ages 4-7?
23%
56
What percent of victims of child abuse are ages 8-11?
18.8%
57
What percent of victims of child abuse are ages 12-15?
17.8%
58
What percent of victims of child abuse are ages 16-17?
6.3%
59
What is seen in adulthood if children experience abuse??
The more children experience abuse, the more mental disorders in adulthood
60
What families experience more abuse?
More abuse in step families and single parent families than in biological families
61
Is abuse generational?
Yes, for child physical abuse, those that experience CPA are more likely to abuse their children
62
What is seen during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
1. Secrecy
2. Helplessness
3. Entrapment and accommodation
4. Disclosure
5. Other issues
63
What is secrecy during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
Offender has desire to keep abuse secret and manipulates child; child in conflict.
Offender uses guilt, fear, shame, self-hatred, and betrayal
64
What is helplessness during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
Child learns she is powerless to stop the abuse. In incest the one they love is hurting them. They try to cope by locking the bedroom door; pretending to be asleep; trying to keep from being alone with the offender; most efforts fail and they give up
65
What is entrapment and accommodation during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
Adult is good, but does bad things. Child resolves this by believing she is bad and that's what is causing it.
66
How does child act during entrapment and accommodation during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
1. child tries to stop abuse by being perfect
2. child tries to be rebellious by getting out
3. In teens, extreme rebellion (drugs, alcohol, dropouts, crime, sex) to expose family, hurt self
4. Learn to exist with abuse but cope negatively
67
What is disclosure during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
May happen years later, or not at all. Many may tell truth and recant. Healing can best happen if disclosure occurs
68
What other issues occur for children during Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome?
"I am bad"
"I am a sexual object"
"I didn't stop it so I must have wanted it"
"I am damaged goods"
69
What type of families commit more child sexual abuse and child physical abuse?
Step families commit more CSA and CPA than biological families
70
Why is there more sexual and physical child abuse in step families?
More rejection, conflict, and instability in step families
71
What problems are seen in children in step families?
Children in step families have more academic problems, psychological problems, and low self-esteem
72
What type of problems are seen in single-parent families?
- More poverty and financial stressors
- More exposure to violence due to living in poor neighborhoods
- Less supervision bc parents are exhausted
- Divorce means more transitions, more stress
73
What are the different parenting styles?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Indifferent
74
What is the parenting style Authoritative?
High warmth, high control (love children and are in control of the family)
75
What is the parenting style Authoritarian?
Low warmth, high control (children should be seen but not heard)
76
How do children turn out using the Authoritative parenting style?
Best turn out for children
77
How do children turn out using the Authoritarian parenting style?
Angry, rebellious children bc children don't feel loved or respected and eventually they do whatever they want bc they are going to be yelled at anyways
78
What is the parenting style Permissive?
High warmth, low control
79
How do children turn out using the Permissive parenting style?
Self centered, demanding, manipulative
80
What is the parenting style Indifferent?
Neglect, Low warmth, low control
81
How do children turn out using the Indifferent parenting style?
Worst outcome, most psychological damage
82
Who was responsible for researching birth order?
Alfred Adler
83
What are the characteristics seen in the 1st born?
Leader or whiner/complainer.
Leader bc they usually have more responsibilities which is good bc they learn to manage well due to being put in situation.
Whiner/complainer bc they are expected to be responsible and dont want to be so they whine.
84
What are the characteristics seen in the 2nd born?
Competitive or lost
Competitive bc they have to learn the skills to survive against someone bigger/stronger than them.
Lost bc they dont have quite an identity bc they dont have a place set aside from other children so feel lost and listless
85
What are the characteristics seen in the 3rd born?
Confident or spoiled brat
Confident bc they have the love
Spoiled bc they never had to watch another child or do chores, just learn to cry or fall down and dont have to work can stay under the radar and can become manipulative
86
What are the characteristics of only children?
Verbally strong or mismatched with peers.
They have a lot of adult contact so grow very quickly and are smart, but they can't get out of things bc theres no one else to blame but downside is they don't hang out with their peers bc they are use to hanging out with older people
87
When are multiple children considered only children?
When there are 5 years or more between children
88
What birth order has been found to be smarter in 2013?
First borns because parents are stricter
89
What percent of first marriages end in divorce?
50%
90
What is the divorce rate for 2nd marriages?
65%
91
What is the divorce rate for 3rd marriages?
73%
92
You're more likely to divorce if?
1. Married as teens
2. Short courtship
3. Conceived before marriage
4. low SES
5. Parents have divorced
6. Opposites
7. Living together
93
What are the effects of divorce on children?
May have adjustment and emotional problems that can last for years. 20-25% have long term significant problems
94
A divorce in what year of schooling is more damaging than later?
In elementary years
95
What kind of impact on grades does divorce have on children?
A negative impact on grades, no matter the age of the child
96
Who can ease or make worse the impact of the divorce and how?
Dad through spending more quality time with their children or make the adjustment worse through neglect and conflict.
97
When parents dont adjust well after their divorce, who suffers?
The children
98
How long does it take for the psychological effects of divorce to fade?
About 2 years and may disappear in 6. May have an effect resulting in repressed anger.
99
What factors influence divorce adjustment?
1. Adequate financial support
2. Good parenting by custodial parent
3. Good parenting by non-custodial parent
4. Minimal conflict between parents
5. Additional social support (friends/family)
6. Minimal changes
100
What percent of adults were obese in 1991?
12% of adults obese
101
What percent of 2-19 year olds are obese and how has that changed since 1980?
17% of 2-19 year olds are obese, which has tripled since 1980
102
What percent of adults are obese today?
35%
103
What are some causes of obesity?
1. Genetics
2. Medical: underactive thyroid
3. Self control problems: poor parenting
4. Social-fear factors
5. Poor diet and exercise
6. Increased TV
7. Families eat out more
8. Lack of sleep: crave more carbs
104
What are overweight children victims to?
Victims of violence and negative stereotyping
105
How much does physical activity decrease from ages 6-18 for males?
by 24%
106
How much does physical activity decrease from ages 6-18 for females?
by 36%
107
How many overweight boys and girls reported family teasing?
47% of girls and 34% of boys reported family teasing
108
Who is victimizing and negatively stereotyping overweight children?
Families, Parents, Educators, and Peers
109
Why do parents victimize and negatively stereotype overweight children?
Parents feel blamed by society and get angry at child
110
How do teachers negatively stereotype overweight children?
Teachers rate overweight children as less tidy and less likely to succeed
111
What percent of overweight boys and girls reported being victims of bullying and teasing?
36% of boys and 34% of girls reported being victims of bullying and teasing
112
When does weight bias start and progress?
Weight bias starts at age 3, gets worse until high school, and tapers off by college
113
How do boys and girls differ with overweight bias?
Girls use exclusion and boys use aggression. Girls' version is much more damaged
114
What percent of overweight teens report dating in high school?
12% of overweight teens report dating in high school
115
Do overweight children have a weight bias?
Yes, even overweight children rate other overweight children more negatively
116
What problems do overweight children have?
1. lower self esteem
2. more health problems
3. fewer friends
4. higher rates of suicide
5. more depression
117
What is functional play?
Occurs at around age 3. Child can move dolls or cars repetitively
118
What is constructive play?
Occurs at around age 4. Child can manipulate objects to build something or put a basic puzzle together.
119
What is parallel play?
Children play side by side, no interaction
120
What is onlooker play?
Children watching others play. Child may be insecure, have social skills problems, or simply content to observe
121
What is Associative play?
Children start sharing in an activity, like playing in a sandbox and sharing toys
122
What is cooperative play?
Age 4-5 children learning to play games, following rules, and taking turns.
123
What is traumatic play?
Working out trauma through play. Showing what happened to them
124
What did Erickson identify the middle school years as?
Industry v. inferiority
125
What is self concept?
A collection of beliefs about yourself
126
What occurs during the middle childhood school years?
Children develop more complex self understanding: Academic self concept, social self concept, emotional self concept, physical self-concept
Social comparison: downward and upward
127
What is self esteem?
The evaluative component of the self concept
128
How do people protect their self esteem?
1. Self-serving bias
2. motivated skepticism
3. self handicapping
4. basking in reflected glory
129
What is self serving bias?
A way that people protect their self esteem.
The above average syndrome where people take credit for successes and disavow failures. People always think they are above average.
130
What is Motivated Skepticism?
A way that people protect their self esteem.
- People usually do not provide negative feedback.
- Choose similar friends to reduce negative feedback
- If negative feedback is given, use defense mechanisms to defend negative feedback
131
What is Self Handicapping?
A way that people protect their self esteem.
| Sabotaging yourself by providing an excuse for potential failures
132
What is Basking in reflected glory?
A way that people protect their self esteem.
| You want to hang out with people more popular or better than you
133
What are Damon's three stages of friendship?
1. Basing friendship on others' behavior (ages 4-7)
2. Basing friendship on trust (ages 8-10)
3. Basing friendship on psychological closeness (ages 11-15).
134
What is high status for friendship?
More friends and seek out others of high status
135
What is low status for friendship?
Fewer friends but want higher status
136
What is popularity?
Nominations from peers
137
Why did peers identify individuals as popular?
Positive nominations because others saw them as attractive, high IQ, and social competence
138
Why did peers identify individuals as Rejected?
Negative nominations because they were seen as having more unsurity. they were more aggressive and might seem less trustful.
139
Why did peers identify individuals as Neglected?
No nominations. They were forgotten because they were shy and withdrawn
140
Why did peers identify individuals as controversial?
Got both positive and negative nominations, they are leaders but aggressive
141
Why did peers identify individuals as Average?
Got medium positive and negative nominations. People saw and interacted with them but they were just there.
142
When do children generally hang out with their own gender?
Up to about 2nd/3rd grade then girls hang out more with girls and boys with boys
143
What type of relationships do boys have?
Hang out in larger groups using dominant hierarchy behavior (who's strongest, smartest, etc.)
144
What type of relationships do girls have?
Prefer 1 or 2 friends; choose more friends of equal status
145
What type of people are resilient?
Hardy people with an easy going disposition. They are optimistic have an internal locus of control taking responsibility for their failures. They use the observer effect, seek help when needed, use humor to relieve stress, and creativity to express self. They dont repress or suppress and deals with problems directly. Have faith and are at present orientation meaning they live in the "now"
146
What is the observer effect?
The ability people have to sit back and watch what's happening.
147
Who uses the observer effect?
Resilient people
148
What is hierarchy in family structure?
The more power, the higher you are in the family
149
What is Subsystem in family structure?
Parents and children have their own subsystems by which they operate
150
What are boundaries in family structure?
What separates subsystems and people
151
What are the different types of boundaries in family structure?
1. Enmeshed
2. Disengaged
3. Rigid
4. None
152
What is the boundary Enmeshed in family structure?
Everyone is in everyone else's business. There is little freedom and independence
153
What is the boundary Disengaged in family structure?
Everyone does their own thing, there's no closeness
154
What is the boundary Rigid in family structure?
There is no communication
155
What is the boundary NONE in family structure?
There is chaos and no sense of control
156
What are rules?
What the family operates by
157
What is an emotional triangle?
When 2 people have a problem so they bring in a 3rd to solve the problem or provide relief
158
What is the trauma diagram?
A triangle with awareness at the top arrows pointing at both "blocking: repression, suppression, dissociation" and "triggers: sight, sound, smell, touch, taste" with an arrow connecting the two blocking and triggers.
159
List the causes of Obesity
- Genetics
- Medical
- Self control problems
- Social fear factors
- Poor diet and exercise
- Increased TV
- Families eat out more
- Lack of sleep
160
List the types of play
- Functional play
- Constructive play
- Parallel play
- Onlooker play
- Associative play
- Cooperative play
- Traumatic play
161
List the reasons for divorce
- Married as teens
- Short courtship
- Conceived before marriage
- Low SES
- Parents have divorced
- Opposites
- Living together
162
List the characteristics of resilient children
- Easy going disposition
- Optimistic
- Internal locus of control
- uses observer effect
- Seeks help when needed
- Uses humor to relieve stress
- Uses creativity to express self
- Doesn't repress/suppress, deals with problems directly
- Faith, life has meaning
- At present orientation
