Exam 3

Question 0

Photoreceptor

Answer 0

Eyes

Light sensitive pigment

Question 1

Thermoreceptor

Answer 1

Temp.

Question 2

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 2

Stretch sensitive channels

Question 3

Chemoreceptors

Answer 3

Chemical concentration

Question 4

Osmoreceptor

Answer 4

Osmolarity

Solute particles

Question 5

Nocioceptor

Answer 5

Pain receptor

Question 6

Tonic receptors

Answer 6

Constant monitoring

Question 7

Phasic receptors

Answer 7

Responds to changes in stimulus

Question 8

Cholinergic

Answer 8

Ach inhibitory

Parasympathetic

Question 9

Adrenergic

Answer 9

Alpha: excitatory Beta: inhibitory

Sympathetic

Question 10

Static equilibrium

Answer 10

Direction

Otolithic membranes in vestibule

Question 11

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 11

Rotational

Semicircular canals of vestibule

Question 12

Cochlea components

Answer 12

Organ of corti: sensory
Scala media: contains sensory hairs
Scala vestibuli: oval window-scala tympani

Question 13

Passage of sound

Answer 13

Ear canal
Ear drum
Malleus/incus/stapes
Cochlea-fluid ripples travel to hair cells
Hair cells move
Chemical response
Electric signal
Auditory nerve

Question 14

Cones

Answer 14

Central vision
High acuity
Low sensitivity

Question 15

Rods

Answer 15

Peripheral vision
Low acuity
High sensitivity

Question 16

Near

Answer 16

Ciliary: contract
Suspensory ligaments: slack
Lens: thick

Question 17

Distance

Answer 17

Ciliary: relax
Suspensory ligaments: tight
Lens: thin

Question 18

How is light converted to an electric signal

Phototransduction

Answer 18

Light
11 cis-all trans
Na channels open-hyperpolarization 
Neurotransmitter release
Post-synaptic cell stimulated
Bipolar
Ganglion cell
Axon
Optic nerve
Thalamus

Question 19

Photoreceptors

Answer 19

Allow us to see ranges of color

Question 20

Bipolar

Answer 20

Receives input from cones

Question 21

Ganglion

Answer 21

Compares signals for many cones and involved in color vision

Question 22

Iris

Answer 22

Adjust light intensity

Adjustable opening (Pupil) which can expand or contract

Question 23

Muscle Spindle

Answer 23

Skeletal Muscle Sensory Organs

Impulse sent from stretched muscle spindle. Motor neuron split:

• signal to contract stretched muscle
• signal to relax antagonist muscle

Question 24

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 24

Inhibits opposing muscle during reflex Prevent muscle from tearing

Question 25

Vagus nerve

Answer 25

Involved in almost all thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 26

Pitch of sound

Answer 26

Auditory ossicles Amplitude and frequency

Question 27

Hyperopia

Answer 27

Farsighted Eye too short Need convex lens

Question 28

Trichromatic theory of color

Answer 28

Retina contains 3 types of cones Blue/green/red

Question 29

Nystagmus

Answer 29

Rapid/involuntary eye movement

Question 30

Crossed extensor reflex

Answer 30

``` Stimulus Flexor stimulated/Extensor inhibited Afferent fiber: sent to DRG Efferent fibers cause withdrawal Interneurons Flexor inhibited/Extensor stimulated Reciprocal activation ```

Question 31

Autonomic | Involuntary

Answer 31

``` Effector: cardiac and smooth muscle 2 neurons Ganglia: prevertebral and terminal Myelination: light/none Neuro. Ach/Norepinephrine Neuro. Effect: inhibitory/excitatory ```

Question 32

Somatic | Voluntary

Answer 32

``` Effector: skeletal muscle 1 neuron No ganglia Heavy myelination Neuro. Ach Neuro. Effect: excitatory ```

Question 33

Parasympathetic

Answer 33

``` Rest and digest Craniosacrral Ganglia: terminal Fibers: long/short Minimal branching Neuro. Ach ```

Question 34

Sympathetic

Answer 34

``` Fight or flight Thoracolumbar Ganglia: prevertebral Fibers: short/long Extensive branching Neuro. Ach/Nor ```