Exam 3 Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
barrows
A
castrated male swine
2
Q
gilts
A
young female swine that have not farrowed
3
Q
Sows
A
mature female swine or female swine that have farrowed
4
Q
Boars
A
noncastrated male swine
5
Q
World population of swine
A
china- 465,000,000
U.S.- 66,000,000
Brazil- 39,000,000
6
Q
Number of farms in the U.S. has
A
decreased in the past 20 years
7
Q
types of swine operations
A
feeder pig production
feeder pig finishing operations
farrow to finish operation
seed stock operation
8
Q
Feeder pig production
A
average weight 40 lbs
9
Q
feeder pig finishing operations
A
40-240 lbs
10
Q
Cash receipts from the swine industry in 2014 was about
A
$18 billion
11
Q
Exports
A
Total: 4.429 billion Japan- 1.8 billion Mexico- 853 million Canada- 432 million Chine 326- million
12
Q
Age at puberty (months)
A
4-7 6
13
Q
Weight at estrus (lb.)
A
150-250
14
Q
Duration of estrus (days)
A
1-5 2-3
15
Q
Length of estrous cycle (days)
A
18-24 21
16
Q
Time of ovulation (hours after onset of estrus)
A
12-48 24-36
17
Q
best time to breed
A
second day of estrus
18
Q
gestation period (days)
A
111-115
19
Q
weaning to first estrus (days)
A
3-7
20
Q
Average pigs per litter
A
10
21
Q
how many pigs per litter weaned
A
9
22
Q
typical production operations can get
A
2.5 litters per year per sow
23
Q
iron shots
A
given on day 3 and a booster given later
24
Q
castration
A
usually done before the baby pigs are 2 weeks old
25
tail docking
a common practice to prevent tail biting (1/2 to 3/4 of an inch of tail is left)
26
teeth clipping
upon birth, piglet's incisor (needle) teeth are clipped with pliers so that they can't cause injuries to the sow or other piglets
27
Wean pigs over
10 lbs
28
weaning may be done over a
2-3 day period
29
weaning usually occurs at
14 to 21 days
30
feed cost ranges from
22-70% of total cost of raising hogs
31
approx how many days from conception to harvest
305
32
nutrient requirements
energy
protein
vitamins
water
33
Energy feeds
corn
barley
milo
34
Protein
plant source-soybean, cottonseed
| animal source- tankage- meat and bone meal and fish meal
35
minerals
major- calcium, phosphorus, sodium
chlorine
trace- zinc, iron, copper, selenium
manganese, iodine
36
vitamins must be added
```
ADEK
riboflavin
niactin
pantothenic acid
vitamin B
```
37
Feeding from 40 lbs to market weight
cost 60-70% of the total cost of production
38
What is market weight?
240 lbs
260 lbs
possible 280 lbs
39
how many lbs of feed per pound of gain for large scale producers?
3 lbs
40
how many lbs of feed per pound of gain for small scale producers?
3.5-4
41
processing of feed can help
increase efficiency- grinding
42
feed additions
antibiotics
chemotherapeutics
anthelmintics
43
water
25 lb pig (.50 gallon)
100 lb pig (1.75 gallon)
200 lb pig (3.5 gallon)
44
boar selection- litter size
10 or more with 8 pigs weaned
45
boar selection- underline
12 or more treats
46
boar selection- feet & legs
wide stance with equal sized toes
47
boar selection- age at 230 lb
155 days or less
48
boar selection- feed per gain
2.4 lb or less per lb of gain
49
boar selection-daily gain
2 lb per day or more
50
boar selection- backfat
.8 or less measured by ultrasound
51
why isn't pig production big in az?
pigs dont sweat
52
Unique things about swine
```
don't sweat
omnivores
mono gastric
have litters
not native to U.S.
mud to maintain skin and keep cool
intelligent
```
53
crossbreeding programs and swine production
used extensively in swine production
| allows for genetic improvement
54
an effective crossbreeding program takes advantage of using hybrid vigor and selecting genetically
superior breeding animals for breeds that best compliment one another
55
why have pig farms decreased in last 20 years?
they consolidated the industry- pork producers own breeding stock, finishing farms and slaughter houses
farms getting bigger for efficiency
56
types of crossbreeding
rotational crossbreeding
| terminal cross system
57
rotational crossbreeding
combines two or more breeds with a different breed of boar being mated to replace crossbred females (produced by the previous generation)
58
Terminal Cross System
a two breed single or rotational cross female is mated to a boar of a third breed
59
feed additives
antibiotics
payload
oxo-gen
60
variety meats go to
expensive meats go to
ground beef meats go to
asia
U.S.
china
61
Paylean
active ingredient: octopamine, hydrochlorine
a pharmaceutical product
betagonist
metabolism shifts nutrients from fat to muscle growth
recommended feeding:
-16% protein
-4.5 grams per ton
62
Palean- studies show that there was a tendency for 16%-13 g and 16%-18 g to have an
off flavor
63
Paylean
purdue university research
64
minimal amount protein to be fed with paylean-
lysine must be 8% or higher
65
If paylean is fed too long
muscle mass may be reduced
66
tricolosis
travel to muscle of pig- undercooked pork chop
67
what is too long feeding paylean?
over 6 weeks
68
What can't you feed with paylean?
antibiotics- can use tylon
69
Quality problems
1. Color of lean
2. Marbling score
3. degree of feathering
4. soft fat
5. belly wall thickness
6. blood splashing
70
Color of lean
- dry, dark and firm (DDF)
| - pale, soft and Exudative (PSE)
71
Why is important that we're producing more?
trying to max production - the more produced and the more efficient the cheaper it will be for everyone
72
SPF herds
specific pathogen free
73
Atrophic Rhinitis
mycoplasma pneumonia and swine dysentery
74
Hot Carcass Grades
grades based on formula: 4x last rib fat thickness- muscle score
75
hot carcass grades can be
```
US #1
US#2
US #3
US #4
utility
```
76
Percentage carcass muscle
[(weight of total muscle in the carcass including 5% intramuscular fat)/(hot carcass weight)] x100
77
Extreme range for carcass muscle
40-70%
78
normal range of percentage carcass muscle
42-58%
79
average range of percentage carcass muscle
50%
80
can't eat cottonseed meal in high amounts
toxic
81
too lean- reduced salability
- genetic progress has resulted in increased muscling in hogs
- this has resulted in reduced palatability due to reduced fat conent
82
milo
seed needs to be cracked or ground before being fed because can't digest shell
83
hogs are going to harvest at
5 to 6 months of age therefore little to no marbling
84
what resulted in a greater incidence of the porcine stress syndrome occurring (PSS)
selection for improved muscling
85
American swine industry concentrated
heavily in the midsection of the country- the nations corn belt
86
sus
genies name
87
species name
scrofa-europe
88
vittatus
east india
89
pork industry has met consumer demands in
producing a leaner and more wholesome meat and one with industry standards for animal welfare
90
sheep not very efficient
8 lbs
91
how would grinding increase efficiency
takes less energy to break down food
absorption increase
if some bacterial fermentation, more surface area, organs don have to wrk as hard
92
viability of swine helps to alleviate what would otherwise be great fluctuations in grain prices when
weather, soil, or other conditions suddenly change projected levels of grain production
93
antibiotics are restricted
no more antibiotic for feed
94
paylean- not used as much
people kept putting more and more in, no fat, very dry
95
Wool production
fine wool for high-quality garments
| long wool for heavy clothing, upholstery and rug making
96
Specific purpose of Sheep
Karakul- supply pelts for clothing such as caps and persian coats
97
fine wool breeds
Merino and Rambouillet
98
Medium wool breeds
cheviot, dorset, finnsheep, southdown, and suffolk
99
Long wool breed
columbia, corridale, polypay and targhee
100
hair type sheep
dorper, katahdin, and st croix- these sheep breeds have a coat similar to goats and are from tropical origin
101
Two management systems
range flocks and farm flocks
102
range flocks
lambs fed in CA, TX, CO
| Summer in high country and winter in desert areas
103
farm flocks
less than 100 head per farm
104
ewes remain in dry lot
year round
105
Sheep breeding system
breeds are often classified as ewe breeds and ram breeds
106
ewe breeds
generally white faced sheep with fine wool
| noted for reproductive efficiency, wool production, size, milking ability and longevity
107
ram breeds
meat type and selected on growth rate, efficiency of gain and carcass quality
108
What animal do we use for one specific use
fox-pelts
chinchilla
alpaca
sheep
109
sheep breeding
based on photo period
| which depends on light, temperature and relative humidit
110
We don't use as much wool as we used to
synthetic fiber
111
Basing on photo period results in
uneven supply of lambs and therefor, some producers have gone to an accelerated lambing program
approx 150 prenancy
112
Other effects on sheep breeding
estrogen content in feeds may result in low fertility especially with alfalfa hay or pasture
113
Ewes lamb more frequently than
once a year
114
one accelerated system consists of
three lamb crops in two years using synchronization estrus
115
Mating months
may, january, september
116
Lambing
october, june, february
117
Breed ewe lambs during
first year is another practice
118
Reach puberty
9-10 months of age
119
require special
nutrition and management
120
predators
coyote biggest problem
stray dogs
external parasites
121
External Parasites
stomach works, intestinal worms, lungworms, nose bots
122
get around heat
add seeder and synchronize ewes then breed them.. doesn't always work
123
ewes
1, 2 or 3 babies but only have two teets
124
Problems
respiratory disease, enterotoxemia, availability of trained personnel, 15-20% death loss
125
Inherited abnormalities
cryptorchidism, dwarfism, rectal prolapsed, carlipyge
126
castrating and docking
wait 3-4 days after lambing
Elaboration method is used more extensively
surgical method can be used
127
shearing
once per year
| difficult to find people to shear sheep
128
lambing
should be dried and encouraged to nurse as soon as possible
129
profit depends on
```
high conception rates
high lambing %
low lamb mortality
strong marketing program
high quality and yield of wool
longevity of breeding stock
```
130
high conception rates
95+%
131
high lambing percentages
175+%
132
low lamb mortality
10% or less
133
lamb marketing
```
marketing option for lambs s through lamb marketing pools
sorted
sold in larger groups
larger groups command higher price
larger numbers sold on the rail
```
134
feeder lambs are sold to feeders at
60-75 lbs
135
lambs marketed at
110-130 lbs
136
range sheep operation cull ewes at
5-6 years
| these ewes may be reproductively and structurally sound and are often purchased for farm flocks
137
ewes live longer under
farm flock conditions
138
salvage value
of cull ewes and rams is low in comparison to cows and sows
139
financially advantageous for sheep producers to
maintain ownership of ewes as long as she is regularly giving birth
140
Quality grade factors
maturity and degree flank fat streaking
141
presently, lambs being produced are
too fat which has resulted in reduced lamb consumption
142
Scrapie
infectious, degenerative disease which is fatal and affects the nervous system
can be eradicated through proper identification and selective breeding
143
rail
harvest animal and get paid for what they're producing
144
What is require as a sheep and goat raiser regarding scrape
obtain a Premise Identification Number specific to flock
Record all births and new animals introduced into flock
Test all new animals for genetic susceptibility
Maintain records for 5 years after sale/slaughter/ or death on all animals
145
older cows taste good whereas ewes taste more
gain as they get older
146
co-mingling of goats and sheep
since scrapie is transmitted by direct contact, if sheep and goats are mingled together, both must be tagged and identified with a PIN
If goats and sheep kept separate, PIN not necessary
147
spool joint
younger lamb
148
break joint
older lamb
149
Beef production is the largest
segment of agricultural industries
150
U.S. produced approx ?% of the worlds beef with only ?% of the cattle
20%/7%
151
Brazil with ?% of the world population produces ?% of the total beef
13%/13%
152
Australia accounts for ?% of cattle inventory and ?% of beef tonnage
2%/4%
153
The meat of cattle is known as
beef
154
Most used use of beef cattle is meat but
other uses such as leather
155
beef exports: most to least
```
Japan: 1.8 billion
Canada: 973 million
Hong Kong: 784 million
Mexico: 698 million
South Korea: 558 million
Total: 5.2 billion
```
156
Beef imports: most to least
```
Australia: 1.03 billion
New Zealand: 817 million
Canada: 797 million
Mexico: 547 million
Brazil: 228 million
Total: 3.7 billion
```
157
Diverse Range Lands
- Humid, hot southeast
- dry and prone to drought Rio Grande Valley (South)
- Wet and cold Northwest
Myriad of environments
158
Different operations
Different regions suited for different phases of beef cattle industry
159
Three systems of production
Feeder cattle production
Slaughter cattle production
Breeder cattle production
160
Feeder Cattle Production
Based on finishing cattle quickly 180 days or less, gaining an average of 2 pounds per day or more; feed conversion
averaged 7 pounds to 1 pound
161
Slaughter Cattle Production
- Involves selecting fattened cattle by packer buyers, judging their live weight and conformation, estimating carcass
- Traits and yields, slaughtering the cattle and postmortem inspection
162
Breeder Cattle Production
Production of cattle (breeding), both purebred and commercial herds
163
Beef Industry Segmentation
Seedstock to cow-calf to stocker to feeder to packer to purveyor to retail
164
Commercial Cattle Operation: usually takes advantage of registered bulls, either to
-maintain the same bloodiness or to crossbreed to grade cows
165
Commercial Cattle Operation: Most commercial herds have spring calving although
many herds split their calving's into a spring and fall herd
166
Commercial Cattle Operation: Offspring used for
beef
167
Three phase operation
- cow calf
- stocker-yearling
- feedlot operation
168
Cow Calf Operation
- 32.5 million head of cows
- 68% of total cow operations are 50 cows or less
- 70% of beef cow inventory is in operations with more than 100 cows
169
Cow Calf Operation: numbers fluctuate over the years depending on
- drought
- beef prices
- land prices
170
Stocker- Yearling
Feed cattle for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishing
- replacement heifers
- marketing
- wheat pasture
- silage
171
Marketing (stocker-yearling)
- available forage
- high roughage feeds
- crop residues
- -corn stalks
- - grain stubb;e
- -beet tops
172
Stocker-Yearling: this operation is desirable for
early maturing cattle
-larger framed-later maturing cattle usually are more efficient and profitable if they go directly to the feedlot after weaning
173
Feedlot
- Harvested feed is brought to cattle
| - 21.6 million head fed
174
Feedlot: Pasture fed cattle represent ?-?% of steers and heifers slaughtered (non fed)
10-15%
175
Feedlot: Commercial Feeders
95%
| over 1000 head
176
Feedlot: Farmer feeders
under 1000 head
177
Seedstock operation
-producing cattle for breeding purposes
-more expensive
-higher control of records
better facilities
178
seedstock industry
function as the supplier of genetics to the beef cattle industry
120,000 owners
10 artificial insemination companies
100+ breeds
179
Idealistic Seedstock Goal
-Supply superior genetics to other feedstock breeders and commercial cow-calf industries in order to produce a highly palatable red meat that will meet the needs and desires of the consumer while increasing the efficiency and profitability of the beef industry from conception to consumption
180
What type of cattle should be raised
- low nutrient demand
- can produce a calf every year
- weans a big calf
181
What type of calf should be raised
- has great nutrient utilization
- rapid growth
- early maturing offspring if kept for breeding
182
Nutrient Demands
Maintain
Lactate
Gestate
183
Maintain
health and body condition
184
Lactacte
provide enough milk for calf
185
Gestate
conceive and be able to grow another fetus while she is raising the present calf
186
Factors Affecting Maintenance Energy
- body weight
- breed or genotype
- sex
- age
- season
- temperature
- physiological state
- previous nutrition
187
Breed differences: Bos indices require what percent less than beef breeds of dos taurus
10% (Angus, hereford, shorthorn, charolais, limousin)
188
Breed differences: dairy and dual purpose breeds have what percent higher/lower energy requirements
20% higher (holstein, friesian, simmental)
189
Breed differences: positive relationship between maintenance requirement and
genetic potential for measures of productivity (milk and growth)
190
Age Effects
```
Maintenance decreases with age
Younger cows (2-3) still are growing
```
191
Environmental (heat)
Heat stress
- -increase in maintenance/ intake will decrease
- -have to dissipate heat and increase respiration
192
Environmental (cold)
Cold stress
- -increase heat production/increase intake
- -more feed goes to mintenance
193
Environmental (wet, muddy)
Wet, muddy
- -More difficult to maintain temperature
- -mud increases maintenance
194
Feed Situation
usually can depend on green feed from mid july to end of september
195
The rest of the year (other than mid july to end of september) we depend on the dry cured grass called
standing hay
196
Nutritional Management in Confinement
-if cattle are confined, all nutrients required for growth and production must be supplied
197
Normally growing cattle over what lbs will receive rations relatively high in concentrates to gain faster
700
198
Concentrate should be processed for
maximum benefit to the animal
199
How much can a cow eat?
- -approx 2.5-3% of body weight
| - -approx 6-7 lb of feed per lb of gain
200
Supplements containing what hare dependent on the amount of protein in the forage, should also be included at manufacturers recommendations
vitamins and minerals and perhaps additional protein dependent
201
well designed handling facilities help to
minimize animal confusion and stress
202
poorly designed facilities
increase stress on the animals and may cause poor performance, which can affect meat quality
203
use of electric prods is not recommended because they cause
animals necessary pain and stress
204
Growth Promoting Substances
compounds that either occur naturally or mimic naturally occurring compounds. Most commonly they include estrogen or testosterone
205
Ionophores: class of antibiotics
```
class of antibiotics that are extensively used as feed additives for cattle.
Major ionophores include strains of Streptomycin fungi and monensin (rumens), lasalocid, salinomycin, lysocellin and narasin
```
206
Methane inhibitors
Methane production reduces the efficiency of rumen fermentation
207
inhibition of methane production would increase/decrease the efficiency of ruminant production as well as increase/reduce the methane emissions
increase/reduce
208
probiotics
microbes used as feed additives
209
Live microbial feed supplements, which benefit the host animal by improving its
gastrointestinal microbial balance
210
Live microbial feed must be resistant to bile and stomach acids they inhibit
growth of pathogens, provide digestive enzymes and so forth
211
hormone implants
estrogenic hormones implanted in the ear and are widely used to improve feed efficiency and average daily gain in cattle
212
Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
a synthetic progesterone, is a common feed additive used in feedlot heifers' diets (0.25 to 0.50 mg per head per day) to suppress estrus and thus improve feed efficiency (5%) and growth rate (5-11%)
213
Compudose
an ear implant that demonstrates a 10-15% increase in daily average gain (ADG) and a 5-10% increase in feed efficiency (FE)
214
Ralgro implant
produces a 10% increase in ADG and a 5-10% increase in FE
215
Genetics
phenotype= genotype + environment
- selection is the greatest force that changes gene frequency
- Records and performance data important for selection
216
Three most important factors for enhancing genetic progress
selection differential, heritability, and generation interval
217
Selection Differential
- Difference in performance of selected individuals vs. average
- Increased group size allows greatest SD
- Performance records important
- As number of traits selected increase, SD decreases
- Largest selection differential attained by selecting exceptional animals
- limit selection to economically important traits
218
Heritability
- degree of variation in performance due to genetics
- strength of inheritance
- low heritability traits affected more by environment
- low heritability traits should not be ignored
219
Generation Interval
- average age of parents in the herd when selected progeny are born
- replace old parents
220
Older breeding animals lead to
longer genetic change per year
221
Decreased GI leads to
faster genetic progress, as long as better animals are used as replacements
222
Premise Identification Number: first step
the first step in the system is identification of the premise or location where animals are housed
223
PIN: second
identification of the individual animals is the second component to be considered
224
PIN: third
final part of the program is to track animal movement between various premises
225
verification
- source and age verification must be documented and verified through a recognized USDA Program
- these programs are USDA Process Verified Program (PVP)
- or USDA Quality System Assessment (QSA)
226
What records does the producer need to keep
- a premise ID number
- tag all cows and calves
- keep calving records (includes dam & calf ID, calving date and sex of calf)
- Recommended tagging with RFID tags
- Keep records in a safe place
227
benefits
- $40-$50 increase in calf value
- control disease outbreaks
- identify cause of drug over-use or improper withdrawal times especially for antibiotics
- consumer satisfaction
