socialization
lifelong (post-natally) social experience that develops human potential and learning culture
(dr. k) best way to understand the relationship between nature and nurture
nature - genetic potential, innate, dna-based
nurture - teaching/learning, non dna-based
why is social experience important to socialization?
To learn culture, survive, and form personality
Three types of social environments–severely deprived, normal, and enriched–have different effects on genotypes. What can we reasonably infer about the effects of these environments for humans?
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What do we learn from the Harlow studies of social isolation of rhesus monkeys?
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What do we learn from the study of social isolation of human children?
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Why according to Dr. K are findings on social isolation of humans children difficult to interpret?
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What are the major theories of human socialization?
Elements of personality, cognitive development, moral development, gender and moral development, social self, and 8 stages of development
What are the major concepts of each theory of socialization?
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What are the potential limitations of each theory?
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Can you clearly describe each stage in those theories that propose multiple stages in development?
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What is meant by an ‘agent of socialization’?
Social experiences that affect us in small ways
What are the major agents of socialization?
Family, school, peer group, mass media,
What is the order in which these major agents of socialization typically influence development?
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peer group
social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
anticipatory socialization
learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
mass media
means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience
What is Dr. K’s friendly amendment to Macionis’ description of mass media?
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What is meant by ‘socialization across the life course’?
Continuity of learning throughout lives in stages
gerontology
Study of aging and elderly
What are Kubler-Ross’s five major stages for grieving a major loss?
denial, anger, bargain, depression, acceptance
cohort
category of people with something in common (age)
Why is the understanding of the concept ‘cohort’ important to understanding variation in the life course?
Members of a particular age group are generally influenced by same economic and cultural trends
resocialization
radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
total institution
setting in which people are isolated and manipulated by administrative staff
What are three major traits of a total institution?
Constant supervision, controlled and standardized life, and formal rules
What are the two primary stages in resocialization in a total institution?
Breaking down and building back up
social interaction
Process by which people act and react in relation to others
social structure
Any relatively stable pattern of behavior
What are the major characteristics of a social structure?
Status and role
status
social position that a person holds
role
behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
status set
all status a person gives
ascribed status
involuntary social position or given at birth
achieved status
voluntary social position that reflects personal ability and effort
master status
status with special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life
role set
of roles attached to a single status
role conflict
conflict among roles connected to 2+ statuses
role strain
tension among roles connected to a single status
role exit
Process by which people disengage from important social roles
the social construction of reality
process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
What is meant by ‘the social construction of reality’?
People shape their own reality through social interaction
What is ‘the Thomas Theorem’ and why is it important to social interaction?
Claim that situations defined as real are real in their consequences
What is the ‘dramaturgical approach’ and what are its key concepts?
focuses on human performance
What is the significance of emotions for social interaction?
What we do often matters less than how we feel about it
What is the significance of language for social interaction?
Differentiates between gender
What is the significance of humor for social interaction?
Everyone laughs at a joke, but few people stop to think about what makes something funny
Structural theory
Freud
Theory of cognitive development
Piaget
Theory of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Theory of gender and moral development
Carol Gilligan
Theory of social self
George Herbert Mead
Eight stages of development
Erickson
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional
Erickson’s eight stages of development
Toddlerhood, preschool, pre adolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age
Childhood
0-12
Adolescence
13-19
Adulthood
Early - 20-39
Middle - 40-64
Old age
65-