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Patho > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is an immunodeficiency caused by a B-cell specific disorder?

A

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

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2
Q

Which of the following diseased is caused by a chromosomal nondisjunction during meiosis?

A

Classic Down Syndrome

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3
Q

Which strain of HIV is associated with a shorter latency and more severe disease?

A

HIV-1

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4
Q

Which of the following is the primary mechanism responsible for cytotoxic edema in the brain?

A

Hypoxia and lack of ATP shutting down sodium pumps

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5
Q

Which of the following would not be classified as proto-oncogene?

A

Gene that encodes for a DNA repair enzyme

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6
Q

Which of the following lymphomas is characterized by a predictable contiguous spread along the lymphatics?

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

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7
Q

Which of the following genetic diseases is associated with defects in the structure of connective tissue, especially associated with the tunica media of blood vessels?

A

Marfan syndrome

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8
Q

During which stage of gestation is a fetus most vulnerable to teratogens impacting growth and development of organs and limbs?

A

Weeks 4-5

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9
Q

Which of the following is a tumor suppressor protein that binds and sequester nuclear transcription factors until needed for activation of cellular mitosis?

A

pRb

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10
Q

Which disease results from the translocation of two genes to create the Philadelphia Chromosome, decreasing apoptosis and increasing cellular mitosis?

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

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11
Q

Which of the following diseases is associated with the absence of a functional protein involved in stabilization of sarcolemma?

A

Muscular Dystrophy

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12
Q

Which HIV enzyme is responsible for conversion of the RNA genome into a copy of DNA?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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13
Q

Which site in the brain is the least common site of herniation due to intracranial pressure and brain shifts, but the most rapidly lethal?

A

Foramen Magnum

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14
Q

Which of the following WBC malignancies is associated with EBV infections?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

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15
Q

Which of the following would not be a mechanism responsible for converting a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

A

Mutation leading to decreased activity of a growth factor receptor

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16
Q

Which of the following is an appropriate protocol for treating a healthcare worker exposed to HIV through a needle stick or other occupational injury?

A

Start treatment with combination of 2-3 drugs within 3 days, doctor follow-up

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17
Q

Which genetic disease involves loss of clotting factor production by the liver?

A

Hemophilia

18
Q

When neurons are damaged they release excess glutamate into synaptic clefts. Which ion channel does glutamate interact with to cause an excess flood of calcium ions into the cells?

A

NMDA

19
Q

Which protocol of stem cell transplant requires a purging of cells to remove malignant cells?

A

Autologous transplant

20
Q

What type of infections are individuals with selective IgA deficiency most susceptible to?

A

Bacterial infections of the lungs

21
Q

Why is reperfusion so damaging during the resolution of ischemia?

A

exposure of oxidative phosphorylation products to excessive oxygen causes oxidative stress

22
Q

Why do mutations in the ras proto-oncogene lead to uncontrolled cell growth?

A

They prevent the signal cascade protein Ras from auto-converting GTP to GDP, thus the Ras protein is always turned on

23
Q

What nutrient is limited in neurons that prevents them from effectively overcoming hypoxia with anaerobic energy production?

A

Glycogen

24
Q

Which disease is a neurological disease characterized by the accumulation of abnormal folded proteins within neurons of the brain?

A

Huntington’s Disease

25
Q

During the development of a malignant cancer, there is a stage when cells that have accumulated mutations impacting proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes start to multiply rapidly. The growth of these mutated cells is referred to as:

A

Promotion

26
Q

A male that is born with two X chromosomes has which syndrome?

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

27
Q

When glutamate excitotoxicity occurs due to ischemia and hypoxia, what is the mechanism?

A

lack of ATP production inhibits the uptake of glutamate back into neurons

28
Q

What disease is caused by the lack of a functional tyrosinase enzyme and defective development of the retina or the eye?

A

Albinism

29
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a malignant tumor?

A

Lack of necrosis

30
Q

Which of the following is a correct description of helper T cell receptor interactios required for entry of HIV into the cell?

A

GP120 of HIV binding to CD4 and CCR5 on T cell surface

31
Q

What types of infections plague an individual whose immune cells lack IL-17 receptors on T cells?

A

Mucocutaneous infections with Candida species

32
Q

Which of the following is not a tumor suppressor protein?

A

Ras

33
Q

Which WBC malignancy is caused by a genetic translocation that forms a fusion of two proteins, blocking cellular differentiation?

A

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

34
Q

Which compartment in the brain has the least ability to adjust in response to increasing intracranial pressure?

A

Parenchyma

35
Q

When hypoxia occurs in neurons, mitochondrial failure can occur. Which ion builds up to excess in the cell cytoplasm because of mitochondrial failure to sequester?

A

Calcium

36
Q

Which of the following would NOT be a mechanism impacting autoregulation of capillary beds leading to ischemia and hypoxia?

A

Low blood pressure being unable to open the sphincters

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of helper T-cell death during HIV infection?

A

Lysis of the T-cells to release new virus particles

38
Q

Which tumor suppressor protein is involved in the repair of damaged DNA

A

TP53

39
Q

What is the reason that individuals with a T cell specific immunodefiency are also lacking an optimum antibody defense against bacterial pathogens?

A

The orchestrating T cells are deficient which impacts antibody production

40
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for HIV genome ending up in our chromosomes?

A

Integrase

Patho (4 decks)

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