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PSYC345 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ideal romantic partner

A

North American research- younger people look for physical features as opposed to older people looking for compatibility. Also- depends if someone is looking for sexual partner or marriage partner. Example- Regan & Berscheild asked undergraduates to rank a variety of personal characteristics in terms of desirability for a) sexual activity partner and then b)long-term relationship. - men look more for physical attractiveness.

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2
Q

Cross-Cultural research

A

In developing countries couples are not expected to marry for love. Many arranged marriages in developing countries. Women want their men to be well-educated and have good financial prospects. In all geological areas , women look for men to be financially stable.

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3
Q

Characteristics of heterosexual love relationship

A

women report more often that they have a relationship based on friendship. Women tend to report more sadness, depression , hurt, and loneliness therefore women have broader range of emotions from relationships from sad to happy(wider range of emotions)

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4
Q

Breaking Up

A

women had more relief and joy after breakups because they are more sensitive to breakups and anticipate them with danger signs within relationships. Women are more “mind readers” . Men tend to distract themselves after a breakup more. Women blame men more for not putting effort into the relationship.

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5
Q

Rates of marriage by ethnicity

A

Average age for marriage females=25 males=27 90% of people in western society marry at some point

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6
Q

Marriage gradient

A

prestige, income potential; women- “marry up” men-“marry down”

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7
Q

Martial satisfaction

A

youngest married couple are the happiest, but a few years later report feeling less romantic and more dissatisfied. 20-24 years of marriage are least satisfied. Once children leave home it improves. Women want to change aspects of their marriages.

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8
Q

Characteristic of happy marriage

A

emotional needs fulfilled, enriches each others lives, stability, communication, trust, etc.

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9
Q

Traditional relationship

A

husband has authority and is financial

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10
Q

Modern relationship

A

Surface seems equal, but man still has more power

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11
Q

Egalitarian relationship

A

equal power

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12
Q

Latinas marriage

A

Obligate to their family

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13
Q

Machismo

A

men must show their manhood by being string, sexual, violent, dominant.

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14
Q

Marianismo

A

women must be chaste until marriage , they must also be passive and long suffering, giving up their own needs to help husbands and children.

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15
Q

Latina Families

A

Traditional relationship

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16
Q

Black women

A

Women are stronger figures and work outside the home due to poverty, egalitarian relationship

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17
Q

Women of color divorce

A

40% - 65% will get divorced

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18
Q

Ethnicity divorce

A

Highest in blacks and lowest for asians

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19
Q

Cohabitation and divorce rate

A

more than half have lived together before marriage and they are more likely to get a divorce than those who have not lived together before marriage.

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20
Q

Decision to divorce

A

women initiate the divorce. 3 reasons women give for divorce= emotional abuse, infidelity(cheating), narcotic use.

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21
Q

Psychological effects- divorce

A

many separations from many relationships, depression, anger, Women can feel relieved after divorce, also shows women how strong they really are.

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22
Q

Financial effects- divorce

A

women’s is always worse after divorce. Less than half of men after divorce pay child support.

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23
Q

Lesbian and bisexual women relationship

A

Typically egalitarian relationship

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24
Q

The psychological adjustment of lesbian

A

is as well adjusted as the typical heterosexual woman. (research findings Rothblum & Factor’s study on twins in text- took 184 pairs of lesbian women and their biological sisters),lesbians considered more positive characteristics.

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25
Characteristics of lesbian relationships
similar in all characteristics such as- commitment, attachment, and they are less lonely. Also- considered to have stronger relationships than heterosexual couples.
26
Breaking up- lesbians
Similar, both women have positives and negatives. More factors holding heterosexual couples together
27
Lesbian women of color-triple barrier
ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Have to consider traditions culturally.
28
Bisexual women
women are more commonly considered as bisexual rather than men. Flexibility identity. They are more looked down on rather than lesbians. The fluidity of female sexual orientation sexual orientation is a fluid rather than a clear-cut topic.
29
Theoretical explanations about sexual orientation
research shows we should prefer people who look like ourselves ... ask the question Why are you heterosexual?
30
Hormonal factors
their research focus is only on gay men. Did not really make sense in twin study because they have the same environmental upbringing and same genetics however one is straight and one is lesbian.
31
Social constructionist approach
women's sexual orientation is influenced by culture, social norms, and situational factors. Our culture creates sexual categories. Argues it is both fluid and flexible.
32
Dynamical systems approach
women may experience new sexual feelings that occur in specific situations. If they keep occurring this women creates new perspective of her sexuality.
33
How many women are single
21%
34
Characteristics of single women
more likely to work outside the home. Highly educated and career driven. Same scores as married women on distress. However scored higher on independence. Both groups live longer than divorced women.
35
Single women of color
invisible in research, Black women prefer to be single
36
Sexual responses
emotions and thoughts are extremely important. They have a wide range of thoughts.
37
General phases- women sexuality
excitement phase, vasocongestion, plateau phase, orgasmic phase,resolution phase.
38
Sexual desire
Men orgasm quicker than women..aught that it is more common for men. .Large difference b/t men and women Men think of sex more often and masturbate more frequently. Women do not know their body as well.
39
Attitudes about female and male sexuality
men more permissive about premarital sex. Double standard- less prevalent, more subtle. Confirmation bias reflects double standard. Holding more conservative, restrictive attitudes towards women.
40
Sexual scripts
social norms for sexual behavior. Influenced by culture & individual interpretation of cultural standards. Influence attitudes towards female and male sexuality.
41
Sex education
women from their mothers. Certain topics are never discussed. Reproductive system discussed but never pleasure. When kids are educated they are less likely to participate in sexual activities.
42
Sexual behavior in heterosexual adolescents
if women reach puberty before others she is more likely to participate in sexual acts. Low self-esteem, poor academic performances, low income family, alcohol and drug use. Blacks do it earlier. Asians are slowest with sexual experiences.
43
Sexual behavior in heterosexual adults
Men have higher sex numbers. Men typically exaggerate though.
44
Communication about sexuality
Difficult to convey messages. Women may be uncertain. Consent is usually assumed whether than confirmed. Men always assume more than women.
45
Lesbians and sexuality
more non genital touching such as hugging also- more likely to get orgasm since they know eachother's bodys as opposed to men knowing a woman's body.
46
Older women and sexuality
estrogen levels lower through menopause. Moisture and elasticity lower. The frequency overall lowers of sexual activity. Hugging, kissing, cuddling becomes more important at an older age than sexual activity.
47
Sexual disorders
low sexual desire-most common disorder, lack of interest. Sexual arousal disorder-have desire, but not able to maintain arousal. Female orgasmic disorder(lifelong or situational)
48
Pain disorder
dyspareunia-painful intercourse
49
Vaginismus
involuntary contractions of vaginal muscles. Disfunction could be from: biological, psychological, relationship oriented, and sociocultural.
50
US history of abortion
Highly controversial topic. US has highest rate. Used to be done illegally 30x more likely to die from birth rather than abortion.
51
Abortion and other alternatives (women’s psychological responses to abortion)-
Relief, sadness, loss, but usually no long-term effects.
52
Children born to women who were denied abortions
children had fewer friends and responded poorly to stress, also-report that later in life they report drug use, marital problems, , conflicts at work.
53
Alternatives to abortion
adoption, marriage motherhood
54
Focus of research on pregnancy
research is invisible in north american psychology. It ignores the happiness during pregnancy and focuses on unwanted pregnancies and teen pregnancy's.
55
Emotional reactions during pregnancy
Different for different women. Most women adapt well. Women report wonder and awe & men share the excitement. Pregnancy is a transition into adulthood. Attachment feeling. negative emotions- anxiety about child birth. Self image declines because of getting bigger. Fee fat and ugly. However husbands feel differently.
56
Attitudes toward pregnant women
depend on the context. Hebl's study was two women going in to ask for a job and ask for help... one pregnant and one not.
57
Benevolent sexism
subtle kind of sexism. Argues for women's special niceness and pureness
58
Hostile sexism
blatant sexism based on the idea that women should be subservient to men and should "know their place".
59
Employment during pregnancy
typically stop working outside the home Blacks have different expectations. In developing countries, pregnant women are often expected to work in the fields. In north american women want to have children and work. More premature labor if work is physically exhausting.
60
Social factors affecting the childbirth experience
Better to have just one nurse through labor, not multiple. Less pain medication if a woman family member there.
61
Emotional reactions to childbirth
Can vary, Some describe it as a peak experience while others. Fathers experience intense joy as well.
62
Alternatives approaches to childbirth
Death rates are now lower during child birth. Natural childbirth,
63
Stereotypes about motherhood
Motherhood as happy and satisfying. Ultimate fulfillment is being a parent. Women feel guilty when they cant live up to that expectation. - children needed for work, pathway for passing on.., property, way of life, provide support later in life.
64
Motherhood mandate
Social pressure on women to have babies
65
Motherhood mystique
beliefs in motherhood-fulfillment idea.
66
The reality of motherhood
Mothers don't get the appreciation they deserve, they don't explore the reality of motherhood
67
Motherhood and women of color
women of color are more likely to be back at work shortly rather than white women. Smaller differences in how many children they want. white was less and latina was more.
68
Postpartum disturbance
0-6 weeks after birth. Emotional let down. "baby blues" At least half of mothers experience this.
69
Deciding whether to have children
All anticipated having children, didnt even cross their minds. Now, negative thoughts towards not having children. p to 25 percent wont have children.
70
Infertility
10-15 percent of couple infertile. Similar with fertile women with their emotions. Always have constant hope.

PSYC345 (5 decks)

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