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Parasitology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fasciola hepatica life span

A

11-12 years

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2
Q

how does F. hepatica miracidium get in snail?

A

it penetrates it

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3
Q

what are hepatica RH’s?

A

cow and sheep

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4
Q

what does hepatica uniquely do to our liver cells to “cultivate” them?

A

secretes proline to stimulate hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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5
Q

clinical and common name for hepatica infection?

A

fascioliasis and liver rot

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6
Q

how common is a hepatica infection in humans?

A

rare

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7
Q

what is the real culprit of halzoun?

A

pentastomid worm

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8
Q

Rx for hepatica

A

triclabendazole

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9
Q

what does triclabendazole do to hepatica?

A

stops all functions req microtubules

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10
Q

what is clinical name for eating hepatica infected beef or sheep liver?

A

pseudofascioliasis

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11
Q

what is it called when snails burrow in soil during dry conditions?

A

aestivate

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12
Q

Which fluke is identical to hepatica but not in US?

A

Fasciola gigantica

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13
Q

Fascioloides magna niche

A

liver tissue, not bile duct

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14
Q

does F. magna infect humans?

A

no

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15
Q

what is F. magna common name

A

liver fluke

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16
Q

what does F. magna produce in liver that leaves black tracks?

A

melanin

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17
Q

Fasciolopsis buski common name

A

intestinal fluke

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18
Q

what is the largest fluke to infect humans?

A

Fasciolopsis buski

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19
Q

Where is Fasciolopsis buski common distribution?

A

the orient

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20
Q

Clinical signs from heavy Fasciolopsis buski infection?

A

diarrhea with mucus

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21
Q

3 things buski does to cause pathology:

A

direct trauma, gut obstruction, allergic response to worm products

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22
Q

how will you clinically distinguish between hepatica and buski? (since both have ~100 um size eggs)

A

gut damage with buski and liver damage with hepatica

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23
Q

Rx for buski:

A

praziquantel

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24
Q

what is 2nd int. host for dendriticum?

A

terrestrial snail

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25
Q

how is Dicrocelium dendriticum 1st int. host infected?

A

must eat the tiny eggs of fluke

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26
Q

nickname for Dicrocelium dendriticum?

A

lancet fluke

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27
Q

Dicrocelium dendriticum distrubution:

A

Europe, asia, N. Africa, N. Am, Australia (everywhere but S. america)

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28
Q

Species of snail that dendriticum infects?

A

Cionella lubrica

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29
Q

what portion of fluke life cycle is dentriticum missing?

A

redia

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30
Q

where is dendriticum adult in DH?

A

bile duct

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31
Q

trauma caused by dendriticum?

A

inflammation and fibrosis of bile ducts, can impede bile flow to intestines, can affect liver and bile duct functions

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32
Q

How does human get dendriticum false positive?

A

eating infected liver

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33
Q

dendriticum Rx: in humans and animals

A

praziquantel in humans

benzimidazoles in animals

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34
Q

how does human get Chlonorchis sinensis infection?

A

ingest raw fish

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35
Q

how does Chlonorchis sinensis cercaria get in fish?

A

it penetrates it

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36
Q

where does Chlonorchis sinensis live in DH?

is there tissue migration?

A

bile duct

no

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37
Q

Chlonorchis sinensis
light infection:
moderate infection and heavy infection (extra signs result of obstruction of bile duct)

A
  • asymptomatic
  • cholangitis, eggs in liver (granulomas), gall stones form around eggs, pipe stem fibrosis, liver damage from congestion of bile, liver necrosis, gall bladder and pancreas inflammation and loss of function, cholangiocarcinoma
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38
Q

Chlonorchis sinensis: is there host response to eggs in bile duct?

A

no

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39
Q

Chlonorchis sinensis Rx

A

praziquantel

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40
Q

Paragonimus westermani distribution

A

far east

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41
Q

Paragonimus westermani:
Diploid organisms are like normal sexual male/female, will pair up and form:
Triploid individuals are more pathogenic because why?

A
  • form cysts and cross fertilize

- dont need to pair to form cysts. they all form cysts by themselves and reproduce parthenogenically

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42
Q

how does Paragonimus westermani cercaria get into crustacean?

A

uses knob like tail to creep along bottom and penetrate crustacean

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43
Q

what is dyspnea?

A

difficulty breathing

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44
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity

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45
Q

what will be seen on a radiograph of lungs infected with Paragonimus westermani?

A

signet ring lung lesion

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46
Q

is there pathology from Paragonimus westermani migrating juveniles?

A

no

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47
Q

what are Paragonimus westermani lung lesions called?

A

pseudotubercules

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48
Q

pathology of Paragonimus westermani. cyst causes 4 problems:

A

necrotic lesions, abcesses, granulomas, eosinophilia

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49
Q

Paragonimus westermani can be fatal if what happens:

A

they go ectopic and form lesions in heart/CNS

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50
Q

what is clinical name for paragonimus infection?

A

paragonimiasis

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51
Q

Dx of paragonimiasis: after ruling out other differentials

A

Eggs in sputum or feces, ELISA for Ag, Rapid intradermal test

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52
Q

Paragonimus Rx.

A

praziquantel

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53
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola disease nicknames:

A

salmon poisoning and Elokomin fluke fever

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54
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola disease causing agent:

A

Neorickettsia helmithoeca

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55
Q

Rx for Nanophyteus salmincola:

A

antibiotics

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56
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola is missing what portion of fluke life cycle?

A

sporocysts

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57
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola disease is mild in humans, more pathogenic in:

A

dogs

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58
Q

Tiny flukes that burrow between villi in SI wall

A

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai

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59
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai distribution

A

old world mostly

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60
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai 2nd IH:

A

fresh or brackish fish

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61
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai Dx and Rx.

A

eggs in feces, praziquantel

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62
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai pathology

A

mild inflammation, heavy infection causes mucosal damage and potential for ectopic locations (heart, can be fatal)

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63
Q

outermost covering of tapeworms

what is it composed of?

A
  • glycocalyx

- mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins

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64
Q

Pseudophyllidian oncospheres is called:

Cyclophyllidian oncosheres are:

A
  • coracidium

- hexacanth larva

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65
Q

what are the 4 types of metacestode forms in cyclophyllidians?

A

cysticercoid, cysticercus, coenurus, hydatid cyst

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66
Q

morphology of a cysticercoid:

A

solid cyst with single inverted scolex

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67
Q

morphology of a cysticercus:

A

fluid filled cyst with single inverted scolex

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68
Q

morphology of a coenurus:

A

fluid filled cyst with multiple inverted scolex

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69
Q

morphology of a hydatid cyst:

A

unilocular full of lots of protoscolices, multilocular does not give rise to protoscolices

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70
Q

what is a protoscolex?

A

a scolex without a bladder attached

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71
Q

what is the largest tapeworm to infect humans?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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72
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum distribution

A

worldwide

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73
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum distribution in USA

A

great lakes and west coast

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74
Q

how many eggs does Diphyllobothrium latum produce per day?

A

millions

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75
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum nickname

A

broad fish tapeworm

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76
Q

who gets pathology from Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

2% of population that is genetically susceptible to lack of vitamin B12 because they dont produce sufficient intrinsic factor

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77
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum pathology in anemic susceptible people is called:

A

pernicious or megaloblastoic anemia

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78
Q

Intrinsic factor + B12 =

A

EMF

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79
Q

Dx of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

string of senile proglottids in shit and operculated eggs in feces

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80
Q

Rx of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

praziquantel

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81
Q

what cestode is similar to latum, but you get from marine fish?

A

Diplogonoporous grandis

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82
Q

Diphyllobothrium mansonoides distribution:

A

pretty much worldwide except for S. america

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83
Q

common name for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides plerocercoid

A

sparganum

84
Q

Humans are _______ host for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides

A

second intermediate

85
Q

Diphyllobothrium mansonoides produces ______, that shuts down our HGH production

A

PGF

86
Q

Diphyllobothrium mansonoides plerocercoids are ________ (attracted to body warmth)

A

thermotactic

87
Q

How is PGF beneficial to Diphyllobothrium mansonoides plerocercoids?

A

faciltates migration in 2nd IH tissues

88
Q

Dx and Rx. for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides

A
  • lancing nodule and finding plerocercoid

- surgical removal of nodules, praziquantel

89
Q

man infected with Taenia saginata:
symptoms:
Dx.:
Rx:

A
  • asymptomatic
  • proglottids crawl out of ass intact, ELISA for Ag is available
  • Praziquantel
90
Q

coprophagous=

A

eats shit

91
Q

Morphological differences between saginata and solium?

A

acetabulum vs acetabulum with armed rostellum; >14 branches vs <14 branches

92
Q

how do pigs get Taenia solum?

A

eggs from human fecal contamination

93
Q

how can man get infected with Taenia solium eggs? (to become IH)

A

retrograde migration of proglottid to upper GI, gravid proglottid ruptures, ingest eggs from environment

94
Q

number 1 site for cysticeri of Taenia solium in humans. No. 2 site?

A
  • subcutaneous

- brain

95
Q

number 1 cause of Acquired epilepsy:

A

neurocysticercosis

96
Q

Taenia solium Dx

A

DH: proglottids
IH: biopsy or imaging

97
Q

Taenia solium Rx.

A

praziquantel or albendazole and steroids to dampen inflamm. Don’t do Niclosamide because youll get infected by a bunch of eggs

98
Q

Echinococcus granulosus niche in humans:

A

1st- liver
2nd- lung
but can go to any organ (esp brain, bone marrow, eye)

99
Q

Echinococcus granulosus Dx in humans:

A

Imaging (radiographs, CT, MRI) or ELISA for host Ab (but this has a high false neg. rate bec. of immunosuppression)

100
Q

Echinococcus granulosus Rx.

A

surgery, albendazole if you cant do surgery

101
Q

PAIR technique is used for surgery on what?

A

Echinococcus granulosus cyst

102
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis nickname

A

small fox tapeworm

103
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis most common niche in man

A

liver, but can go anywhere

104
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis Rx:

A

surgery, organ transplant, albendazole. DONT use praziquantel

105
Q

Hymenolepsis nana IH

A

grain beetle, flea

106
Q

Hymenolepsis Rx.

A

praziquantel

107
Q

Hymenolepsis Dx.

A

eggs in feces, no proglottids

108
Q

Dipylidium caninum Dx:

A

proglottids crawling in feces

109
Q

how do you get Dipylidium caninum?

A

ingest cysticercoid from flea

110
Q

what makes up the hydrostatic skeleton of a nematode?

A

the pseudocoelem filled with hemolymph

111
Q

nematode esophagus can be _____ or _____

A

muscular or glandular

112
Q

NTD’s poverty promoting because (3)

A

poor child development, poor pregnancy outcomes, poor worker productivity

113
Q 
what Trichuris species infect:
man-
pig-
dog-
rat-
A
  • truchiura
  • suis
  • vulpis
  • muris
114
Q

how long is Trichuris trichiura viable in host

A

2 years

115
Q

are Trichuris trichiura eggs passed embryonated or unembryonated?

A

unembryonated

116
Q

Trichuris trichiura infective stage:

A

J3 in egg

117
Q

how many eggs does Trichuris trichiura produce per day?

A

3000-5000

118
Q

Trichuris trichiura disease ususally takes over ____ adults

A

100

119
Q

Trichuris trichiura heavy infections can cause _______ and _____, and in children it can also cause ________

A
  • dysentery and chronic colitis

- tenesmus–> prolapsed rectum

120
Q

Why does Trichuris trichiura cause intestinal trauma?

A

it invades gut mucosa and feeds on host tissues, destroying capillaries and tissue, causing inflammation and poor nutrient absorption

121
Q

Trichuris trichiura Dx and Rx

A
  • eggs in feces or colonoscopy

- Albendazole, mebendazole

122
Q

Name the Trichinella species (4)

A

spiralis, britovi, nelsoni, nativa

123
Q

what is the smallest nematode to infect man, yet worlds largest intracellular parasite?

A

Trichinella spiralis

124
Q

Trichinella spiralis primary RH

A

pigs

125
Q

what is the only animal that can pass Trichinella spiralis J1 in feces?

A

rodents

126
Q

Symptoms of enteral phase of Trichinella spiralis

A

brief enteritis from juvenile molt, later on, short term (10 day) gastroenteritis from adults until immune system kills adults

127
Q

Symptoms of parenteral phase of Trichinella spiralis infection

A

fever, muscle pain, edema from destruction of cells by NBL and entry into muscle cells

128
Q

top 3 predilection sites for NBL

A
  1. eye, tongue, chewing muscles
  2. diaphragm and intercostals
  3. heavy muscles
129
Q

Trichinella spiralis NBL ________ produces secretions that induce nurse cell changes

A

stichocytes

130
Q

Trichinella spiralis NBL stimulates 4 changes to muscle cell:

A

loss of contractile elements, DNA replication then arrest in G2, fibrous capsule, circulatory rete

131
Q

Trichinella spiralis stimulates host to produce ______ to form circulatory rete

A

VEGF

132
Q

Trichinella spiralis is like a virus in that it alters:

A

host cell morphology, gene expression, function

133
Q

Trichinella spiralis Dx. and Rx.

A

muscle biopsy; just analgesics for pain

134
Q

Dioctophyme renale nickname

A

giant kidney worm

135
Q

Dioctophyme renale IH

A

an aquatic oligochaete (annelid)

136
Q

upon entry into DH, what is rest of Dioctophyme renale life cycle?

A

J3 goes to liver for 8 weeks, then right kidney to produce eggs

137
Q

Dioctophyme renale Dx and Rx

A

eggs in urine; albendazole and surgery

138
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis transmission methods

A

skin penetration, ingestion, autoinfection, transmammary

139
Q

does Strongyloides stercoralis molt to J4 in the lungs?

A

yes

140
Q

what Strongyloides stercoralis stage is passed in feces?

A

J1

141
Q

Clinical disease associated with Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Pulmonary (only in big infection): cough, wheezing, lung damage
Intestinal (big infection): diarrhea, abdominal pain

142
Q

what is Strongyloides stercoralis hyper infection?

A

steroid use amplifies auto infection by increasing molt rate of juveniles

143
Q

SBS is a common name for ______ caused by fullerborni

A

ascites

144
Q

Strongyloides Rx:

A

Ivermectin or Albendazole

145
Q

Male hookworms have a _______ for mating

A

copulatory bursa

146
Q

Pathology of americanus and duodenale?

A

anemia, Fe deficiency, protein deficiency

147
Q

why is duodenale more pathogenic than americanus?

A

more modes of entry, more blood sucking, more eggs, can undergo hypobiosis, bigger worm

148
Q

how can you get infected with Ancylostoma duodenal?

A

skin penetration, transmammary, transplacental, ingestion

149
Q

Egg production/ blood consumption:
Necator americanus=
Ancylostoma duodenale=

A
  • 28,000 eggs, .1-.2 mL/day

- 10,000 eggs, .01-.02 mL/day

150
Q

Disease by a hookworm depends on:

A

parasite load, species of hookworm, overall host health

151
Q

Hookworm disease depends on the phase
Cutaneous phase:
Pulmonay phase:
Intestinal phase:

A
  • Dew itch, transient pruritic dermatitis
  • pneumonia symptoms if heavy infec.
  • with large enough numbers: iron deficiency anemia, abdominal pain, lethargy. and poor nutrition worsens condition
152
Q

Infantile Ancylostomiasis symptoms:

A

severe anemia, blood in stool (melena), and fail to thrive

153
Q

Hookworm Dx and Rx:

A

eggs in fecal smear; Albendazole

154
Q

Which hookworms cause CLM (creeping eruption)?

A

Ancylostoma braziliensis and Ancylostoma caninum

155
Q

CLM Rx:

A

albendazole + thiabendazole topical ointment

156
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: what is typical life cycle between

A

rat to snail back to rat

157
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis pathogenicity in humans:

A

J3 ingested and goes to brain, severe CNS abnormalities

158
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis Dx and Rx:

A

difficult Dx, no tests; albendazole, mebendazole, steroids to protect CNS during treatment

159
Q

When do Ascaris lumbricoides eggs embryonate?

A

outside the host, require oxygen to embryonate

160
Q

What is the obligatory tissue migration of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

after J2 molts to J3, hatches, it leaves gut, goes to liver–>lungs (molts to J4)–>then back to gut to become adult

161
Q

how many eggs do Ascaris lumbricoides produce per day?

A

200,000

162
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides pathology:

Migratory phase:

A

only in heavy infections. Verminous pneumonia, molting substances are antigenic

163
Q

Can Ascaris lumbricoides cross placenta?

A

yes

164
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides pathology in intestines:

A

none, only arises from very heavy infections where gut blockage, malabsorption, and worm migration to gall, ureters, gut penetration occur.

165
Q

what is a classic sign of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?

A

pot belly

166
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides Dx and Rx

A

eggs in feces; Albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin, or pyrantel pamoate. piperazine for gut obstruction, surgery for gut stasis

167
Q 
VLM symptoms in:
lungs:
CNS:
Kidney:
muscle:
liver/spleen:
A
  • asthma like symptoms
  • seizures
  • nephritis
  • myositis
  • enlargement
168
Q

VLM causes very high:

A

eosinophilia (>70%)

169
Q

what is strabismus?

A

cross-eyed

170
Q

T. canis/cati Rx.

A

Albendazole or mebendazole (not with preg.)

171
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis in humans has predilection for:

A

CNS and eyes

172
Q

What stage of Baylisascaris procyonis is pathogenic in humans?

A

J3, it continues to grow in CNS and eyes

173
Q

Anisakis simplex symptoms:

A

acute gastritis from eating J3 in marine fish

174
Q

Anisakis simplex Dx and Rx.

A

gastroscopic exam; surgical or endoscopic removal

175
Q

Which species does Enterobius vermicularis infect?

A

humans, birds, reptiles, other mammals, but NOT cats or dogs

176
Q

Enterobius vermicularis niche:

A

Iliocecal junction

177
Q

Enterobius vermicularis Rx:

A

most antihelmithics (albendazole, mebendazole etc.)

178
Q

How many microfilaria do filariads release every day?

A

10,000

179
Q

Where do Wuchereria and Brugia microfilaria sequester during the day?

A

lung capillaries

180
Q

4 genera of mosquitoes that transmit Wucher. and Brugia

A

culex, aedes, anopheles, mansonia

181
Q

Life span of W. bancrofti and B. malayi?

A

5-8 years

182
Q

W. bancrofti and B. malayi

Lymphatics get fucked up due to:

A

wolbachia toxins, direct parasite trauma, and immune response

183
Q

End result of W. bancrofti and B. malayi infection to lymphatics:

A

occlusion of lymphatic vessels and lymphedema

184
Q

lymphatic obstruction requires 2 things:

A

long time to develop and repeated exposure

185
Q

5 clinical syndromes in lymphatic filariasis

A 
o	Endemic normal
o	Asymptomatic microfilaremics
o	Acute filariasis
o	Chronic obstructive disease
o	Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia—TPE
186
Q

Endemic normal:

A

no sign of parasite, but imaging shows mild lymph damage and ELISA Ag is +

187
Q

Asymptomatic micofilaremic

A

Detectable microfilaria, mild lymph damage, but no symptoms. Prescribe

188
Q

Acute filariasis causes:

A

lymphangitis, orchitis, and filarial fevers. inflammation, periodic fever, granuloma formation, causes lymphedema in surrounding tissue

189
Q

Chronic obstructive disease

A

obstructed “varicose” lymphatics, lymphedema in surrounding tissues

190
Q

TPE

A

marked eosinophilia, asthma like symptoms in lungs from hypersensitivity to microfilaria in lung capillaries. prescribe to prevent COPD

191
Q

most extreme form of chronic obstructive disease:

A

elephantiasis. this is permanent

192
Q

orchitis

A

inflamed testes

193
Q

chyluria

A

milky urine

194
Q

hydrocoele

A

lymphatic fluid accumulation in testes

195
Q

Dx of lymphatic filariasis

A

microscopy, CFA (ELISA card test)

196
Q

Rx for filarids:

A

2 drug combo of DEC, albendazole, and Ivermectin

197
Q

Onchocerca volvulus distribution

A

central africa, yemen, and central and south america. Basically africa and S. america

198
Q

RH for Onchocerca volvulus

A

none

199
Q

3 clinical diseases from Onchocerca volvulus

A
  1. onchodermatitis
  2. onchocercoma
  3. ocular lesions
200
Q

common name for onchodermatitis:

A

sowda or leopard skin

201
Q

major site of eye affected by onchocerca mf

A

cornea, but all areas can be affected

202
Q

the name for the hardening and scarring of cornea:

A

sclerosing keratitis

203
Q

Mf in cornea and ______ will both cause blindess in Onchocerca volvulus infection

A

retina

204
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Dx

A

biopsy of nodule, skin snip, or patch test. Don’t do mazotti test.

205
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Rx.

A

Ivermectin, doxycycline to kill wolbachia. remove nodules from head and neck

206
Q

If a patient has both filariasis and onchocerciasis, treat with:

A

ivermectin and albendazole

Parasitology (3 decks)

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