Exam 3 Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
Fasciola hepatica life span
A
11-12 years
2
Q
how does F. hepatica miracidium get in snail?
A
it penetrates it
3
Q
what are hepatica RH’s?
A
cow and sheep
4
Q
what does hepatica uniquely do to our liver cells to “cultivate” them?
A
secretes proline to stimulate hyperplasia and hypertrophy
5
Q
clinical and common name for hepatica infection?
A
fascioliasis and liver rot
6
Q
how common is a hepatica infection in humans?
A
rare
7
Q
what is the real culprit of halzoun?
A
pentastomid worm
8
Q
Rx for hepatica
A
triclabendazole
9
Q
what does triclabendazole do to hepatica?
A
stops all functions req microtubules
10
Q
what is clinical name for eating hepatica infected beef or sheep liver?
A
pseudofascioliasis
11
Q
what is it called when snails burrow in soil during dry conditions?
A
aestivate
12
Q
Which fluke is identical to hepatica but not in US?
A
Fasciola gigantica
13
Q
Fascioloides magna niche
A
liver tissue, not bile duct
14
Q
does F. magna infect humans?
A
no
15
Q
what is F. magna common name
A
liver fluke
16
Q
what does F. magna produce in liver that leaves black tracks?
A
melanin
17
Q
Fasciolopsis buski common name
A
intestinal fluke
18
Q
what is the largest fluke to infect humans?
A
Fasciolopsis buski
19
Q
Where is Fasciolopsis buski common distribution?
A
the orient
20
Q
Clinical signs from heavy Fasciolopsis buski infection?
A
diarrhea with mucus
21
Q
3 things buski does to cause pathology:
A
direct trauma, gut obstruction, allergic response to worm products
22
Q
how will you clinically distinguish between hepatica and buski? (since both have ~100 um size eggs)
A
gut damage with buski and liver damage with hepatica
23
Q
Rx for buski:
A
praziquantel
24
Q
what is 2nd int. host for dendriticum?
A
terrestrial snail
25
how is Dicrocelium dendriticum 1st int. host infected?
must eat the tiny eggs of fluke
26
nickname for Dicrocelium dendriticum?
lancet fluke
27
Dicrocelium dendriticum distrubution:
Europe, asia, N. Africa, N. Am, Australia (everywhere but S. america)
28
Species of snail that dendriticum infects?
Cionella lubrica
29
what portion of fluke life cycle is dentriticum missing?
redia
30
where is dendriticum adult in DH?
bile duct
31
trauma caused by dendriticum?
inflammation and fibrosis of bile ducts, can impede bile flow to intestines, can affect liver and bile duct functions
32
How does human get dendriticum false positive?
eating infected liver
33
dendriticum Rx: in humans and animals
praziquantel in humans
| benzimidazoles in animals
34
how does human get Chlonorchis sinensis infection?
ingest raw fish
35
how does Chlonorchis sinensis cercaria get in fish?
it penetrates it
36
where does Chlonorchis sinensis live in DH?
| is there tissue migration?
bile duct
| no
37
Chlonorchis sinensis
light infection:
moderate infection and heavy infection (extra signs result of obstruction of bile duct)
- asymptomatic
- cholangitis, eggs in liver (granulomas), gall stones form around eggs, pipe stem fibrosis, liver damage from congestion of bile, liver necrosis, gall bladder and pancreas inflammation and loss of function, cholangiocarcinoma
38
Chlonorchis sinensis: is there host response to eggs in bile duct?
no
39
Chlonorchis sinensis Rx
praziquantel
40
Paragonimus westermani distribution
far east
41
Paragonimus westermani:
Diploid organisms are like normal sexual male/female, will pair up and form:
Triploid individuals are more pathogenic because why?
- form cysts and cross fertilize
| - dont need to pair to form cysts. they all form cysts by themselves and reproduce parthenogenically
42
how does Paragonimus westermani cercaria get into crustacean?
uses knob like tail to creep along bottom and penetrate crustacean
43
what is dyspnea?
difficulty breathing
44
what is pleural effusion?
accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity
45
what will be seen on a radiograph of lungs infected with Paragonimus westermani?
signet ring lung lesion
46
is there pathology from Paragonimus westermani migrating juveniles?
no
47
what are Paragonimus westermani lung lesions called?
pseudotubercules
48
pathology of Paragonimus westermani. cyst causes 4 problems:
necrotic lesions, abcesses, granulomas, eosinophilia
49
Paragonimus westermani can be fatal if what happens:
they go ectopic and form lesions in heart/CNS
50
what is clinical name for paragonimus infection?
paragonimiasis
51
Dx of paragonimiasis: after ruling out other differentials
Eggs in sputum or feces, ELISA for Ag, Rapid intradermal test
52
Paragonimus Rx.
praziquantel
53
Nanophyteus salmincola disease nicknames:
salmon poisoning and Elokomin fluke fever
54
Nanophyteus salmincola disease causing agent:
Neorickettsia helmithoeca
55
Rx for Nanophyteus salmincola:
antibiotics
56
Nanophyteus salmincola is missing what portion of fluke life cycle?
sporocysts
57
Nanophyteus salmincola disease is mild in humans, more pathogenic in:
dogs
58
Tiny flukes that burrow between villi in SI wall
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai
59
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai distribution
old world mostly
60
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai 2nd IH:
fresh or brackish fish
61
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai Dx and Rx.
eggs in feces, praziquantel
62
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai pathology
mild inflammation, heavy infection causes mucosal damage and potential for ectopic locations (heart, can be fatal)
63
outermost covering of tapeworms
| what is it composed of?
- glycocalyx
| - mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins
64
Pseudophyllidian oncospheres is called:
| Cyclophyllidian oncosheres are:
- coracidium
| - hexacanth larva
65
what are the 4 types of metacestode forms in cyclophyllidians?
cysticercoid, cysticercus, coenurus, hydatid cyst
66
morphology of a cysticercoid:
solid cyst with single inverted scolex
67
morphology of a cysticercus:
fluid filled cyst with single inverted scolex
68
morphology of a coenurus:
fluid filled cyst with multiple inverted scolex
69
morphology of a hydatid cyst:
unilocular full of lots of protoscolices, multilocular does not give rise to protoscolices
70
what is a protoscolex?
a scolex without a bladder attached
71
what is the largest tapeworm to infect humans?
Diphyllobothrium latum
72
Diphyllobothrium latum distribution
worldwide
73
Diphyllobothrium latum distribution in USA
great lakes and west coast
74
how many eggs does Diphyllobothrium latum produce per day?
millions
75
Diphyllobothrium latum nickname
broad fish tapeworm
76
who gets pathology from Diphyllobothrium latum?
2% of population that is genetically susceptible to lack of vitamin B12 because they dont produce sufficient intrinsic factor
77
Diphyllobothrium latum pathology in anemic susceptible people is called:
pernicious or megaloblastoic anemia
78
Intrinsic factor + B12 =
EMF
79
Dx of Diphyllobothrium latum
string of senile proglottids in shit and operculated eggs in feces
80
Rx of Diphyllobothrium latum
praziquantel
81
what cestode is similar to latum, but you get from marine fish?
Diplogonoporous grandis
82
Diphyllobothrium mansonoides distribution:
pretty much worldwide except for S. america
83
common name for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides plerocercoid
sparganum
84
Humans are _______ host for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
second intermediate
85
Diphyllobothrium mansonoides produces ______, that shuts down our HGH production
PGF
86
Diphyllobothrium mansonoides plerocercoids are ________ (attracted to body warmth)
thermotactic
87
How is PGF beneficial to Diphyllobothrium mansonoides plerocercoids?
faciltates migration in 2nd IH tissues
88
Dx and Rx. for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
- lancing nodule and finding plerocercoid
| - surgical removal of nodules, praziquantel
89
man infected with Taenia saginata:
symptoms:
Dx.:
Rx:
- asymptomatic
- proglottids crawl out of ass intact, ELISA for Ag is available
- Praziquantel
90
coprophagous=
eats shit
91
Morphological differences between saginata and solium?
acetabulum vs acetabulum with armed rostellum; >14 branches vs <14 branches
92
how do pigs get Taenia solum?
eggs from human fecal contamination
93
how can man get infected with Taenia solium eggs? (to become IH)
retrograde migration of proglottid to upper GI, gravid proglottid ruptures, ingest eggs from environment
94
number 1 site for cysticeri of Taenia solium in humans. No. 2 site?
- subcutaneous
| - brain
95
number 1 cause of Acquired epilepsy:
neurocysticercosis
96
Taenia solium Dx
DH: proglottids
IH: biopsy or imaging
97
Taenia solium Rx.
praziquantel or albendazole and steroids to dampen inflamm. Don't do Niclosamide because youll get infected by a bunch of eggs
98
Echinococcus granulosus niche in humans:
1st- liver
2nd- lung
but can go to any organ (esp brain, bone marrow, eye)
99
Echinococcus granulosus Dx in humans:
Imaging (radiographs, CT, MRI) or ELISA for host Ab (but this has a high false neg. rate bec. of immunosuppression)
100
Echinococcus granulosus Rx.
surgery, albendazole if you cant do surgery
101
PAIR technique is used for surgery on what?
Echinococcus granulosus cyst
102
Echinococcus multilocularis nickname
small fox tapeworm
103
Echinococcus multilocularis most common niche in man
liver, but can go anywhere
104
Echinococcus multilocularis Rx:
surgery, organ transplant, albendazole. DONT use praziquantel
105
Hymenolepsis nana IH
grain beetle, flea
106
Hymenolepsis Rx.
praziquantel
107
Hymenolepsis Dx.
eggs in feces, no proglottids
108
Dipylidium caninum Dx:
proglottids crawling in feces
109
how do you get Dipylidium caninum?
ingest cysticercoid from flea
110
what makes up the hydrostatic skeleton of a nematode?
the pseudocoelem filled with hemolymph
111
nematode esophagus can be _____ or _____
muscular or glandular
112
NTD's poverty promoting because (3)
poor child development, poor pregnancy outcomes, poor worker productivity
113
```
what Trichuris species infect:
man-
pig-
dog-
rat-
```
- truchiura
- suis
- vulpis
- muris
114
how long is Trichuris trichiura viable in host
2 years
115
are Trichuris trichiura eggs passed embryonated or unembryonated?
unembryonated
116
Trichuris trichiura infective stage:
J3 in egg
117
how many eggs does Trichuris trichiura produce per day?
3000-5000
118
Trichuris trichiura disease ususally takes over ____ adults
100
119
Trichuris trichiura heavy infections can cause _______ and _____, and in children it can also cause ________
- dysentery and chronic colitis
| - tenesmus--> prolapsed rectum
120
Why does Trichuris trichiura cause intestinal trauma?
it invades gut mucosa and feeds on host tissues, destroying capillaries and tissue, causing inflammation and poor nutrient absorption
121
Trichuris trichiura Dx and Rx
- eggs in feces or colonoscopy
| - Albendazole, mebendazole
122
Name the Trichinella species (4)
spiralis, britovi, nelsoni, nativa
123
what is the smallest nematode to infect man, yet worlds largest intracellular parasite?
Trichinella spiralis
124
Trichinella spiralis primary RH
pigs
125
what is the only animal that can pass Trichinella spiralis J1 in feces?
rodents
126
Symptoms of enteral phase of Trichinella spiralis
brief enteritis from juvenile molt, later on, short term (10 day) gastroenteritis from adults until immune system kills adults
127
Symptoms of parenteral phase of Trichinella spiralis infection
fever, muscle pain, edema from destruction of cells by NBL and entry into muscle cells
128
top 3 predilection sites for NBL
1. eye, tongue, chewing muscles
2. diaphragm and intercostals
3. heavy muscles
129
Trichinella spiralis NBL ________ produces secretions that induce nurse cell changes
stichocytes
130
Trichinella spiralis NBL stimulates 4 changes to muscle cell:
loss of contractile elements, DNA replication then arrest in G2, fibrous capsule, circulatory rete
131
Trichinella spiralis stimulates host to produce ______ to form circulatory rete
VEGF
132
Trichinella spiralis is like a virus in that it alters:
host cell morphology, gene expression, function
133
Trichinella spiralis Dx. and Rx.
muscle biopsy; just analgesics for pain
134
Dioctophyme renale nickname
giant kidney worm
135
Dioctophyme renale IH
an aquatic oligochaete (annelid)
136
upon entry into DH, what is rest of Dioctophyme renale life cycle?
J3 goes to liver for 8 weeks, then right kidney to produce eggs
137
Dioctophyme renale Dx and Rx
eggs in urine; albendazole and surgery
138
Strongyloides stercoralis transmission methods
skin penetration, ingestion, autoinfection, transmammary
139
does Strongyloides stercoralis molt to J4 in the lungs?
yes
140
what Strongyloides stercoralis stage is passed in feces?
J1
141
Clinical disease associated with Strongyloides stercoralis
Pulmonary (only in big infection): cough, wheezing, lung damage
Intestinal (big infection): diarrhea, abdominal pain
142
what is Strongyloides stercoralis hyper infection?
steroid use amplifies auto infection by increasing molt rate of juveniles
143
SBS is a common name for ______ caused by fullerborni
ascites
144
Strongyloides Rx:
Ivermectin or Albendazole
145
Male hookworms have a _______ for mating
copulatory bursa
146
Pathology of americanus and duodenale?
anemia, Fe deficiency, protein deficiency
147
why is duodenale more pathogenic than americanus?
more modes of entry, more blood sucking, more eggs, can undergo hypobiosis, bigger worm
148
how can you get infected with Ancylostoma duodenal?
skin penetration, transmammary, transplacental, ingestion
149
Egg production/ blood consumption:
Necator americanus=
Ancylostoma duodenale=
- 28,000 eggs, .1-.2 mL/day
| - 10,000 eggs, .01-.02 mL/day
150
Disease by a hookworm depends on:
parasite load, species of hookworm, overall host health
151
Hookworm disease depends on the phase
Cutaneous phase:
Pulmonay phase:
Intestinal phase:
- Dew itch, transient pruritic dermatitis
- pneumonia symptoms if heavy infec.
- with large enough numbers: iron deficiency anemia, abdominal pain, lethargy. and poor nutrition worsens condition
152
Infantile Ancylostomiasis symptoms:
severe anemia, blood in stool (melena), and fail to thrive
153
Hookworm Dx and Rx:
eggs in fecal smear; Albendazole
154
Which hookworms cause CLM (creeping eruption)?
Ancylostoma braziliensis and Ancylostoma caninum
155
CLM Rx:
albendazole + thiabendazole topical ointment
156
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: what is typical life cycle between
rat to snail back to rat
157
Angiostrongylus cantonensis pathogenicity in humans:
J3 ingested and goes to brain, severe CNS abnormalities
158
Angiostrongylus cantonensis Dx and Rx:
difficult Dx, no tests; albendazole, mebendazole, steroids to protect CNS during treatment
159
When do Ascaris lumbricoides eggs embryonate?
outside the host, require oxygen to embryonate
160
What is the obligatory tissue migration of Ascaris lumbricoides
after J2 molts to J3, hatches, it leaves gut, goes to liver-->lungs (molts to J4)-->then back to gut to become adult
161
how many eggs do Ascaris lumbricoides produce per day?
200,000
162
Ascaris lumbricoides pathology:
| Migratory phase:
only in heavy infections. Verminous pneumonia, molting substances are antigenic
163
Can Ascaris lumbricoides cross placenta?
yes
164
Ascaris lumbricoides pathology in intestines:
none, only arises from very heavy infections where gut blockage, malabsorption, and worm migration to gall, ureters, gut penetration occur.
165
what is a classic sign of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
pot belly
166
Ascaris lumbricoides Dx and Rx
eggs in feces; Albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin, or pyrantel pamoate. piperazine for gut obstruction, surgery for gut stasis
167
```
VLM symptoms in:
lungs:
CNS:
Kidney:
muscle:
liver/spleen:
```
- asthma like symptoms
- seizures
- nephritis
- myositis
- enlargement
168
VLM causes very high:
eosinophilia (>70%)
169
what is strabismus?
cross-eyed
170
T. canis/cati Rx.
Albendazole or mebendazole (not with preg.)
171
Baylisascaris procyonis in humans has predilection for:
CNS and eyes
172
What stage of Baylisascaris procyonis is pathogenic in humans?
J3, it continues to grow in CNS and eyes
173
Anisakis simplex symptoms:
acute gastritis from eating J3 in marine fish
174
Anisakis simplex Dx and Rx.
gastroscopic exam; surgical or endoscopic removal
175
Which species does Enterobius vermicularis infect?
humans, birds, reptiles, other mammals, but NOT cats or dogs
176
Enterobius vermicularis niche:
Iliocecal junction
177
Enterobius vermicularis Rx:
most antihelmithics (albendazole, mebendazole etc.)
178
How many microfilaria do filariads release every day?
10,000
179
Where do Wuchereria and Brugia microfilaria sequester during the day?
lung capillaries
180
4 genera of mosquitoes that transmit Wucher. and Brugia
culex, aedes, anopheles, mansonia
181
Life span of W. bancrofti and B. malayi?
5-8 years
182
W. bancrofti and B. malayi
| Lymphatics get fucked up due to:
wolbachia toxins, direct parasite trauma, and immune response
183
End result of W. bancrofti and B. malayi infection to lymphatics:
occlusion of lymphatic vessels and lymphedema
184
lymphatic obstruction requires 2 things:
long time to develop and repeated exposure
185
5 clinical syndromes in lymphatic filariasis
```
o Endemic normal
o Asymptomatic microfilaremics
o Acute filariasis
o Chronic obstructive disease
o Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia—TPE
```
186
Endemic normal:
no sign of parasite, but imaging shows mild lymph damage and ELISA Ag is +
187
Asymptomatic micofilaremic
Detectable microfilaria, mild lymph damage, but no symptoms. Prescribe
188
Acute filariasis causes:
lymphangitis, orchitis, and filarial fevers. inflammation, periodic fever, granuloma formation, causes lymphedema in surrounding tissue
189
Chronic obstructive disease
obstructed "varicose" lymphatics, lymphedema in surrounding tissues
190
TPE
marked eosinophilia, asthma like symptoms in lungs from hypersensitivity to microfilaria in lung capillaries. prescribe to prevent COPD
191
most extreme form of chronic obstructive disease:
elephantiasis. this is permanent
192
orchitis
inflamed testes
193
chyluria
milky urine
194
hydrocoele
lymphatic fluid accumulation in testes
195
Dx of lymphatic filariasis
microscopy, CFA (ELISA card test)
196
Rx for filarids:
2 drug combo of DEC, albendazole, and Ivermectin
197
Onchocerca volvulus distribution
central africa, yemen, and central and south america. Basically africa and S. america
198
RH for Onchocerca volvulus
none
199
3 clinical diseases from Onchocerca volvulus
1. onchodermatitis
2. onchocercoma
3. ocular lesions
200
common name for onchodermatitis:
sowda or leopard skin
201
major site of eye affected by onchocerca mf
cornea, but all areas can be affected
202
the name for the hardening and scarring of cornea:
sclerosing keratitis
203
Mf in cornea and ______ will both cause blindess in Onchocerca volvulus infection
retina
204
Onchocerca volvulus Dx
biopsy of nodule, skin snip, or patch test. Don't do mazotti test.
205
Onchocerca volvulus Rx.
Ivermectin, doxycycline to kill wolbachia. remove nodules from head and neck
206
If a patient has both filariasis and onchocerciasis, treat with:
ivermectin and albendazole
