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KNSS 205: History of Sport > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 factors affecting the development of sport in Canada.

A
  • first nations people
  • European (British & French) colonists
  • Interactions between the aboriginals and Europeans
  • climate
  • expansive land and multitude of geographical features
  • pacific railway
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2
Q

Define diffusion.

A
  • diffusion takes place when the aspects of one culture spread to another
  • refers to spread of games into the settler culture and to some degree in the opposite direction too via word of mouth and observation and demonstration
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of diffusion?

A
  • direct diffusion
  • indirect diffusion
  • forced diffusion
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4
Q

Define acculturation.

A
  • The process of transformation, when a culture adopts various aspects of another culture on a large scale and becomes transformed
  • facilitated by cultural/psychological change that results following meeting between cultures
  • have to abandon their beliefs, practices, language, clothing, etc. and embrace something new
  • “original” culture starts to get lost and the “new” culture takes over
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5
Q

Describe first nations and their early sporting endeavours.

A
  • Nomadic culture, deep connection to land

- Required extreme physical fitness

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6
Q

Name 4 games of the Dene and Inuit.

A
  • Wrestling & foot races
  • Emphasized and developed strength, endurance & resistance to pain
  • Means to share culture with other (1st Nations) groups
  • Wrestling as a handshake
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7
Q

7 popular games of the first nations:

A
  • Blanket toss
  • Caribou chase game
  • Moose-skin ball game
  • Finger pull
  • Ear pull
  • Shinny
  • Baggataway (tewaarathon or lacrosse)
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8
Q

5 factors that influenced sport and games in first nations:

A
  • Religion
  • Health
  • Economics
  • Cultural exchanges
  • Social relations between tribes
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9
Q

Name and describe Canadian settlers.

A
  • French Settlers
  • British Officers
  • Scottish immigrants
  • European Settlers
  • Not much time for sport
  • Social recreation “bees”
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10
Q

Diffusion and acculturation goes _____ _____.

A

both ways

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11
Q

Settlers learned many sport skills from:

A

the indigenous people

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12
Q

What kinds of skills did the settlers learn from the indigenous people?

A
  • habits of the animals (hunting)
  • value of the snowshoe
  • secrets of canoeing (both building and using)
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13
Q

What games did the settlers learn from the indigenous people?

A
  • dancing
  • archery
  • dice
  • racquet games
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14
Q

Describe the European settlers and the fur trade.

A
  • Coureurs de bois (runners of the wood)
  • independent entrepreneurs
  • rebellious adventurers
  • extremely physically fit, expert canoeists
  • displaced by voyageurs
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15
Q

Who was in charge of physical education before 1800?

A

churches

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16
Q

What was the first system of physical education?

A
  • 1606 initiative given by Samuel de Champlain
  • “Order of Good Times” “L’Ordre de bon Temps”
  • attempt to battle scurvy
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17
Q

Aboriginals had races and admired:

A

any white man (French) who could defeat a Native

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18
Q

Montreal is considered the _____ of organized sport

A

cradle

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19
Q

Describe Montreal prior to middle of 19th century.

A
  • very little in the way of “organized sport”
  • mostly spontaneous and loosely organized
  • very few structures, clubs, teams, commercial support, leagues, etc.
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20
Q

Montreal was a ____________ in the early to mid 19th century.

A

“mecca for Canadian sport”

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21
Q

What happened in the mid 19th century in Montreal?

A
  • geographical, economic, cultural, and commercial nexus

- 1851 population (58,000) grew to 250,000 by 1900

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22
Q

_____ ______ were instrumental in the organization of sport in early-mid 19th century Montreal.

A

garrison officers

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23
Q

Why were garrison officers instrumental in the organization of sport in early-mid 19th century Montreal?

A

possessed the leisure time

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24
Q

When was there a dramatic decline in Montreal sporting events?

A

when troops withdrawn from Canada for Crimean war in 1985

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25
Q

Describe the Montreal Curling Club.

A
  • founded by 20 elite Montreal citizens of Scottish origins
  • established 1807
  • meeting place: Gillis’s Tavern
  • Mandate (role)
  • exclusivity
  • oldest sport club in continuous existence in Canada
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26
Q

Describe the Montreal Olympic Club.

A
  • 1842 earliest track and field organization in Canada

- held a contest/festival considered “Olympics” (1844)

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27
Q

What are the 9 sports of the Montreal Olympic Club?

A
  • rifle shooting
  • standing high vault
  • running high leap
  • standing leap
  • hammer throw
  • 365 metre foot race
  • throwing a cricket ball for distance
  • 1.5 km walking race
  • novelty game of “La Crosse”
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28
Q

What was the Victoria Skating Rink?

A
  • hosted stanley cup multiple times

- 1875: first public exhibition of a formal game of ice hockey

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29
Q

What was the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association?

A

1881, first multi-sport club

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30
Q

In the MAAA, members participated in:

A
  • gymnastics
  • boxing
  • fencing
  • billiards
  • shooting
  • bowling
  • snow shoeing
  • lacrosse
  • cycling
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31
Q

What does the symbol of MAAA represent?

A

MAAA as the hub of the organization with various recreation and sporting branches of the association representing the spokes

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32
Q

What is the moto of MAAA?

A
  • Jungor ut Implear
  • “joined to be complete”
  • strength in union
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33
Q

MAAA represented the first great _____ ______ in Canada.

A
  • sport administrators

- pyramid structure for sport

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34
Q

How did team sport grow at the turn of the century in Montreal?

A

lacrosse, rugby football, ice hockey, soccer, and baseball fuelled by the inclusion of the working class

35
Q

What was the difference between French-Canadiens and English speaking Montrealers in terms of sport participation?

A
  • French-Canadiens played lacrosse and did snowshoeing

- English speaking Montrealers were the participants in organized sport

36
Q

Describe the recreations of the working class in Montreal.

A
  • cycling races
  • prizefighting
  • cockfighting
  • skating
  • billiards
37
Q

What happened in the 1870s for the MAAA?

A
  • corruption of amateur sport
  • emphasis on “outcome” of sports events
  • importing of paid players (beginning of professionalism in sport)
38
Q

Describe the views of sport by moral entrepreneurs.

A
  • believe in true recreational sport
  • strict on “amateurism”
  • participation in sport makes you a better person with better health and character
39
Q

Describe the views of sport by economic entrepreneurs.

A
  • believe in the development of professional elite leagues
  • sport promotion and marketing
  • sport = entertainment and money
40
Q

What was the causes of contrasting ideologies/views in Montreal?

A
  • different ethnic (English vs Irish), religious (Protestant vs Catholic), socio-economic perspectives/pursuit of sport
  • contributed to the diffusion of sport organization
  • single association in one large city no longer able to control sport across the country
41
Q

Define an amateur.

A
  • one who has never competed in any open competition or for public money, or for admission money
  • or with professionals for a prize, public money or admission money
  • nor has ever, at any period of his life taught or assisted in he pursuit of Athletic exercises as a means of livelihood
  • or is a labourer or an Indian
42
Q

What is the athletic war?

A
  • amateur ideal reinforced by competing in Olympic Games
  • CAAU vs AAAC (MAAA)
  • ended because of London Olympics (1908)
  • finally put to bed after the Tom Longboat Controversy
43
Q

Describe the Tom Longboat Controversy.

A

• Leslie Boyd (AAFC/MAAA)
• Sullivan (American AU)
• Longboat (CAAU runner)
• Boyd and Sullivan colluded to get Longboat
declared a Pro
• Canadians incensed – nationally disloyal and
dishonourable.

44
Q

Describe the death of amateurism.

A
  • cross atlantic pressures
  • traditional pro-sports surged ahead (hockey, lacrosse, baseball)
  • in 1970s: government took control of sport, CAAA disbanded
45
Q

Who is Dr. William Penny Brookes? Where did he live? What did he do?

A
  • dedicated physician
  • Shorpshire, England
  • 1850: founded the Wenlock Olympian Society to promote the “moral, physical, and intellectual” development
  • continued to request the Greek establishment to hold a revived Olympic event
46
Q

What happened in 1850 in association with the Olympics?

A

first Shropshire Olympian Games: Wenlock Olympian Games

47
Q

What happened in 1881 in association with the Olympics?

A

promotion idea through the Greek press of the benefits of an international Olympic event

48
Q

When was the first modern Olympic Games? Where was it held?

A
  • April 1896

- Athens

49
Q

Who is considered the father of the modern Olympic games?

A

Pierre de Coubertin

50
Q

Who is considered the founder of the modern Olympics?

A

Dr. William Penny Brookes

51
Q

Where were the Wenlock Olympian Games held?

A

Much Wenlock, Shropshire, England

52
Q

What is the Pierre de Coubertin medal?

A
  • given by IOC to those athletes who demonstrate the spirit of sportsmanship in Olympic events
  • inaugurated 1964
53
Q

How many countries participated in the 1896 Athens Olympics? How many athletes?

A
  • 13 countries

- 311 athletes

54
Q

What 9 sports were a part of the Athens 1896 Olympics?

A
  • track and field
  • wrestling
  • cycling
  • gymnastics
  • tennis
  • swimming
  • weightlifting
  • fencing
  • rifle shooting
55
Q

Describe the Paris 1900 Olympics.

A
  • from May 20 to September 20 (5 months)
  • side show to the World’s fair
  • women in golf and tennis
  • Eiffel Tower was built = little planning, games were a mess
56
Q

What sports were a part of the Paris 1900 Olympics?

A
  • ballooning
  • fire-fighting
  • tug-o-war
  • motor racing
  • golf
  • fishing
  • marathon
57
Q

What is the marathon scandal?

A
  • 3 french runners took gold, silver, and bronze
  • a last minute change of course took the runners through a mud puddle
  • 3 french runners were not muddy, everyone else was
58
Q

Describe the St Louis 1904 Olympics.

A
  • first Canadian team
  • first Canadian gold medal
  • women in archery only
  • only 11 countries participated
  • geographically St. Louis was hard to get to
  • games stopped after 2 days and had Anthropology Days
59
Q

What is the only summer games not to be staged in the usual 4 year cycle?

A

1906 Athens, Greece

60
Q

What is the Big O(we)?

A
  • 3 million dollar study to see why there was such huge cost overruns (1B total cost)
  • finally paid off in 2006 (30 years)
61
Q

The Olympics were formed for a _____ purpose.

A

political

62
Q

______ have had more of an effect on the games than the games have had on ______.

A

politics

63
Q

Describe the politics in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.

A

games used by Nazis to promote their ideas of racial superiority

64
Q

Describe the politics in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.

A

Games used by American Black athletes to protest American policies concerning race

65
Q

Describe the politics in the 1972 Munich Olympics.

A

games boycotted by most Arab nations. 11 Israeli athletes killed in terrorist incident at the Olympic village

66
Q

Describe the politics in the 1976 Montreal Olympics.

A

games boycotted by most Arab nations, South Africa banned

67
Q

Describe the politics in the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

A

games boycotted by USA and its allies in protest over Soviet attack on Afghanistan

68
Q

Describe the politics in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

A

games boycotted by Soviet Union and its allies in protest of American involvement in Nicaragua

69
Q

Describe the politics in the 1988 (Seoul) and 1992 (Barcelona) Olympics.

A

South Africa still banned

70
Q

Describe the politics in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

A

no one boycotted, no one banned

71
Q

What are the 3 sociological perspectives?

A
  • symbolic interactionism
  • functionalism
  • conflict theory
72
Q

What is the level of analysis for symbolic interactions?

A

micro

73
Q

What is the level of analysis for functionalism?

A

macro

74
Q

What is the level of analysis for conflict theory?

A

macro

75
Q

What is the focus of symbolic interactionism?

A
  • use of symbols

- face-to-face interactions

76
Q

What is the focus of functionalism?

A
  • relationship between the parts of society

- how aspects of society are functional (adaptive)

77
Q

What is the focus of conflict theory?

A
  • competition for scarce resources

- how the elite control the poor and weak

78
Q

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to _____, then they act…

A
  • symbols

- act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols

79
Q

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, what serves as the predominant symbol?

A

verbal conversations

80
Q

Symbolic interactionism neglects:

A
  • the macro level of social interpretation (the big picture)

- miss the larger issues of society by focussing too closely

81
Q

According to the functionalist perspective, each aspect of society is ______ and …

A
  • interdependent

- contributes to society’s functioning as a whole

82
Q

The conflict perspective focuses on the ____, _____, and ______ of society.

A
  • negative
  • conflicted
  • ever changing nature
83
Q

Who is George Orton?

A
  • first Canadian Olympic champion
  • U of Penn.
  • Gold 2500m steeplechase
  • Bronze 400m hurdles
84
Q

Who is George S. Lyon?

A
  • entered the 1904 olympics at 46
  • 1 of 3 Canadians
  • played 12 rounds in 6 days
  • in a cold rain storm, Lyons was successful and won the gold medal by 2 holes

KNSS 205: History of Sport (2 decks)

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