Exam 3

Question 1

Organs of avian digestive tract

Answer 1

Mouth, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca

Question 2

Avian mouth

Answer 2

No teeth, no soft palate, small and poorly developed salivary glands, no digestion

Question 3

Avian esophagus

Answer 3

Connects mouth to proventriculus, dilation=crop

Question 4

Crop avian

Answer 4

Dilation of esophagus, primary fxn, food storage, moistens food, fermentation (some species) varies in size with eating habits

Question 5

Avian Proventriculus

Answer 5

Varies in size with species, comparable to glandular stomach in mammals or abomasum in ruminants, gastric juice production, low pH, ingesta passes rapidly

Question 6

Avian gizzard

Answer 6

Grinding organ, muscular, varies in size, grit for grinding fees particles, no enzymes secreted by enzymes from PV work here

Question 7

Avian small intestine

Answer 7

Fxns in digestive and absorption, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, length varies, generally same enzymes as mammals

Question 8

Avian ceca

Answer 8

Location at the junction of SI and LI, two presents, size varies by diet, some water absorption, some fiber digestion, water soluble vitamin synthesis

Question 9

Avian LI

Answer 9

Relatively short, no distinct rectum or colon, main site of water absorption, vitamin K synthesis

Question 10

Avian cloaca

Answer 10

Common orifice for feces and urine, copulation and egg laying in females

Question 11

Canine mastication

Answer 11

Canine teeth- ripping and tearing
Molars- mastication
Salivary glands-lubrication of food

Question 12

Canine chemical digestion

Answer 12

HCL, pepsin(oven)

Question 13

Canine stomach types of digestion

Answer 13

Chemical, enzymatic, physical, mechanical

Question 14

Canine pancreas enzymes

Answer 14

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase, lipase

Question 15

Canine large intestine enzymes

Answer 15

Enterokinase, aminopeptidase, lactase, sucrase, maltase

Question 16

Canine cecum

Answer 16

Not well developed

Question 17

Canine LI (colons)

Answer 17

Water absorption, electrolyte absorption

Question 18

Canine fermentation

Answer 18

Dependent on diet

Question 19

Ruminant mouth

Answer 19

No upper incisors, dental pad, particle size reduced by teeth grinding, saliva (moistens and provides buffer for VFAs)

Question 20

Ruminant esophagus

Answer 20

Same function as monogastrics

Question 21

Ruminant complex stomach compartments

Answer 21

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Question 22

Abomasum

Answer 22

True glandular stomach, lined with mucus membrane and gastric juice secreted

Question 23

Rumen forestomachs

Answer 23

Stratified squamous epithelium, not glandular

Question 24

Rumen anatomy

Answer 24

Act as anaerobic bacterial fermentation, undeveloped at birth, first place food goes, some food bypass anaerobic fermentation

Question 25

Rumen storage of food

Answer 25

Consume larger amounts, can digest later, regurgitation and re mastication, forage processing machines

Question 26

Rumen wall anatomy

Answer 26

Covered with papillae, small finger like projections, increased surface area, influence by diet and season

Question 27

Rumen esophageal groove

Answer 27

Groove which can contract and form tube to bypass rumen/reticulum, empties into omasum

Question 28

Esophageal groove function

Answer 28

Allow milk to pass directly to omasum and abomasum, keep milk out of young ruminants undeveloped rumen

Question 29

Reticulum anatomy

Answer 29

Honey comb, site of microbial action And absorption of VFAs, pacemaker for rumen contractions

Question 30

Reticulum function

Answer 30

Contractions start in reticulum, mixes rumen contents, heavy particles move to bottom, lighter ones float, lighter particles subject to rumination

Question 31

Omasum anatomy

Answer 31

Some water absorption, some mechanical digestion, regulates particle size flowing to abomasum

Question 32

Abomasum anatomy

Answer 32

True stomach, secretions, HCL-denatures protein, mucin and pepsin

Question 33

SI and LI

Answer 33

Similar to non ruminants

Question 34

Post gastric fermentation (cecum and colon)

Answer 34

5-15% cellulytic digestion can occur here, VFAs produced and absorbed in LI, water absorption

Question 35

Rumen provides favorable environment

Answer 35

Warmth, moisture, daily food supply, pH controlled, dark- no UV light, mixing, oxygen free, end products removed, ruminates and masticates

Question 36

Ruminant fermentation relationship

Answer 36

Microorganisms and animal live in symbiosis, animal benefit from MO digestions, MO have a place to live

Question 37

Microbial species of fermentation

Answer 37

Bacteria- digest cellulose, starch, protein, 15-50 billion/mL Protozoa- prey on bacteria 20,000-500,000mL Yeast- aid in cellulose breakdown

Question 38

How many MO in rumen

Answer 38

2.5 x 10^15

Question 39

End products of fermentation

Answer 39

VFAs, microbial protein, ammonia, gas, heat, lipid alterations

Question 40

Fermentation process

Answer 40

Starch and fiber-> VFA Protein-> amino acid-> NH3 -> microbial protein Unsaturated fats-> saturated fats

Question 41

Microorganisms found in rumen

Answer 41

CHO, VFA