Exam 3 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Emic
A
In theories including cultural materialism, the epistemological perspective of the investigated, or “the insider point of view”
2
Q
Etic
A
In theories including cultural materialsim, the epistemological perspective of the investigator, or “the outsider point of view”
3
Q
Phonemics
A
The study of linguistic meaning created by sounds
4
Q
Phonetics
A
The study of linguistic sounds that create meaning
5
Q
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
A
The proposition of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf that the structure of language conditions the nature of cultural meaning
believed cult is carried in people’s heads as a classificatory logic that creates meaning
6
Q
Cultural neo-evolutionism
A
Twentieth-century cultural evolutionism, a revival and reformulation of classical cultural evolutionism
7
Q
New Archaeology (Processual Archaeology)
A
The nomothetic (generalizing) archaeology advocated by Lewis Binford
8
Q
White’s Thermodynamic Law
A
(E x T > P), or energy times technology yields cultural product, the nomotehtic basis of Leslie White’s culturology
9
Q
Modern Cultural Ecology
A
Julian Steward
The examination of interactions between cultural and environmental variables
Nomothetic approach to anth > articulation btwn cult and nature
10
Q
Unilineal evolution
A
Pertaining to the view that cultural evolution proceeds along the same lines everywhere, as in classical cultural evolution
11
Q
Multilineal Evolution
A
Cultural Neo-evolutionism; According to Max Weber, culture change occurring in fits and starts in different historical contexts; according to Julian Steward, “branching” cultural evolution
12
Q
postcolonialism
A
The anthropological study of how the legacy of colonialism has altered both the former colonizing and the former colonized states
13
Q
Cultural Materialism
A
The theory of Marvin Harris that distinguishes emic from etic perspectives and mental from behavioral domains, and that advocates infrastructural determinism.
14
Q
Infrastructural determinism
A
In Marvin Harris’s theory of cultural materialism, the name for the belief that culture change usually begins in the etic infrastructure
15
Q
The New Physical Anthropology
A
The name for physical anth committed to the synthetic theory of evolution
16
Q
Behavioral Genetics
A
The branch of genetics that investigates inherited contributions to behavioral differences
17
Q
Sociobiology
A
An investigation of the biological basis of social behavior using the evolutionary principles of kin selection and inclusive fitness
18
Q
Symbolic Anthropology
A
The anthropological school, associated w/ Victor Turner, espousing the view that social solidarity is a fxn of the systems of symbolic logic that connect ppl
19
Q
Cargo cults
A
Melanesian religious revitalization movements that anticipate and celebrate the future return of material affluence
20
Q
“thick description”
A
In the interpretive anthropology of Clifford Geertz, the process of interpreting culture as text
21
Q
transactionalism
A
The anthropological theory of Fredrik Barth that focuses on the decision making and economic-maximizing strategies of individuals; similar to symbolic interationism
22
Q
Synthetic Theory of Evolution
A
The twentieth-century theoretical synthesis of Darwinian evolutionism and Mendelian Genetics
23
Q
Ethnolinguistics
A
the name for linguistically oriented research methods of cognitive anthropology
24
Q
ehtnoscience
A
a term for the collection of methods used in cognitive anthropology
sought to make emic orientation explicit
inspired by linguistics–sought to improve methodological rigor
25
Cognitive anthropology
The school concerned with folk taxonomies and semantic domains as practised in ethnolinguistics and by ethnoscientists in the New Ethnograpy
Rooted in Boasian cult relativism and anth ling
Emic theoretical orientation
26
Symbolic interacionism
a sociological theory, associated with Talcott Parsons, that focuses on the decision-making strategies of indvs in social sitatuions
27
Cognitive anthropology
The school concerned with folk taxonomies and semantic domains as practised in ethnolinguistics and by ethnoscientists in the New Ethnograpy
28
Anthropological Feminism
The perspective that feminist views should remain relatively autonomous in anthropology
29
Developments in symbolic and interpretive Anth in Britian
- Concerns over Durkheiian structuralism and structural fxnalism--static nature of analysis
- lack of focus on flexible charactersitcs of social and cultureal role in social and political change cross culturally
30
Devel. in Symbolic and interp. anth in USA
- Boasian-inspired framework culture and personality and cognitive schoolsinadequate
1. were ethnocentrically biased (esp. universal importance of indv psyche)
2. schematically rigid, unable to address important theoretical problem of social an dcultural change
31
Max Weber's influence
Importance of meanig and the human potential to act creatively in the world (human agency)
-Structralist theory culture constrained or controlled people more than served or enabled them
32
Wilhelm Kilthey
Neo-kantian philosophy; distinction between natural science and social sciences
33
Edmund Husserl
Natural science unsuitable for study of cultural life-bc cult life has meaning which is best understood subjectively as "lived experience"
34
Symbolic and interpretive anthropologies
social and cult life is held 2gether by interpenetrating network of symbols, each of which is a carrier of cult meaning
35
Victor Turner
Symbols in Ndembu Ritual
Anthropologists can achieve a better interpretation of ritual symbols than can participants in the rituals
36
Clifford Geertz
Thick Description: Toward Interpretive Theory of Culture
Interpretive anth--ethnographic truth lies only with native members of culture; deeper we go less anthropologists understand
37
Karl Popper
individual social agent (actor) “linchpin” in creation and maintenance of social
relationships
38
Transactionalism ex
Political leadership amound Swat Pathans; models of social organization
-beyond structural fxnalism by revisiting nation of the indv as basic usocial life
--decision-making strategies adopted by indv. living in a pparticular political arena
-structural systems of norms and values are created and sustained through economic interests of indvs
39
Post Processual Archaeology
-Interpretative perspective
-Disenchantment with Binfords New archaeology scientific approach
-New trend: archaeology allied with “historical analysis” – holistic
explanation/ symbolic
dimension/artifact “materiality” – reflects social relations
40
Ian Hodder
Standford University
Symbolism in Action:
Ethnoarchaeological Studies of
Material Culture (1982); Reading the
Past: Current Approaches to
Interpretation in Archaeology (1986)
– Contextual archaeology (after M focault)- artifacts embedded in a web of cultural "discourse" that affirms social relations and enhances power of privleged groups
-Pure posiivist scientific objectivity-unattainable and undesireabel goal
-paved way to more culturally sensitive critiques
41
Michael Focault
Contextual archaeology
42
Contextual archaeology
artifacts embedded in a web of cultural "discourse: that forms social relations and enhances power of privileged groups
43
Peter Worsley
The trumpet shall sound [Cargo Cults of indonesia and new guinea, charismatic prophets]
incorporation of weber's synthesis of materialism and idealism
44
Anthony F.C. Wallace
The death and rebirth of the seneca [charismatic prophets- new religous world views]
45
Edward O. Wilson
Sociobiology landmark book: The New Synthesis
46
Richard Dawkins
Study sociobiology:
| The Selfish Gene
47
Robert Trivers
Sociobiology--Concept of reciprocal altruism
48
Napoleon Chagnon
used sociobiology to explain outcome of matings among south american yanomamo indians
49
Sociobiology notes
Harvard entomologist, evolutionary problem of altruism (self sacrificing behaviors), worker ants--queen ants
- mechanism of kin selection/ genetic basis o fmost behavior is polygenic (multiple genes)
- widespread criticism from cult anths
- became prominent in primatology
50
Julian Steward
"Father" of modern cultural ecology
Cultural Neo-evolutionism
Linked anth to nomothetic natural sciences such as biology, demography and chem
"cultural area" concept
Published seminal essay on economic and social basis of bands
distanced himself from White's ideas of unilineal evo by focusing on multi ev
Created revision of ealier boasian approches > Potlatch on NW coast, benedict (wasteful drive for status) vs Codere and suttles (ecological adaptive/redistributive)
51
Influenced by Julian Steward
M. Fried
A. Vayda
E. Wolf
E. Service
52
White and Steward
sparred for yrs over differences on cult ev
53
Marshall Sahlins and Elman Service
Evolution and culture
sought to reconcile views of steward and white
argued 2 dimensions operating:
-Demonstrated that White and Steward were
complementary rather than antagonistic.
-Worked 10 years together at Michigan together with
White – formed a powerful evolutionary triumvirate,
the “Michigan School”
54
The Michigan school
powerful evolutionary triumvirate
assoc with sahlins and service
55
White
Cultural neo-evolutionism
general evolution- long range evolutionary progress and trends
56
Steward
specific evolution - explanation of local adaptation was analogous to darwin's mechanism of nat selection
57
Betty Meggers
New archaeology
Student of White
applied thermodynamic formula to archaeology (if Technology known and Environment -- cultural Product could be "reconstructed"
58
Lewis Binford
New arch
White's student
continued Meggers ideas-became the leader of the New Arch of the 1960s
sought "explanation" of processes -- offer generaliztions abt cult systems and cult ev
rejected concept of cult as "shared values" (eg psychologically oriented students of Boas)
argued that arcaeologists should be trained ethnologists - to learn how artifacts fxn in the present and then to "read" such fxns back in time
aimed to make arch more scientific
59
hypothetico-deductive model
utilized by binford
(Carl G. Hempel, philosopher of science)
a philosophical model for scientific explanation used in the new arch
60
Great man theory of history
the theory that indv affect the course of history more than do historical circumstances
rejected by binford
61
Marvin Harris
Developed Cultural Materialism
Important books: The Nature of Cultural Things; The Rise of Anthropological Theory; Cultural Materialism; Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times
62
Cult Materialism
where does truen knowledge reside?
2 pairs of cross-cutting epistemological criteria: Mental vs. behavioral domans and emic vs etic domains
emic belongs to participant/etic belongs to the observer
63
4 key epistemological perspectives
1/2 emic behavioral/mental
3/4 etic behavioral/mental
64
Harris's scheme
Culture changes first in etic infrastructure > reverberates through etic structure and super structure> then affects emic superstructure
65
Marvin Harris publication
The Epistemology of Cultural Materialism
Claims all knowledge is ultimately emic convincing
Washington Post-- "a storm center in his field" --lasting legacy??
66
Ethology
Study of animal behavior in the understanding that it sheds light on the innateness of certain human behaviors
Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox
67
Carl G. Hempel
Hypothetico-deductive model for scientific explanation
68
Biologized Anth
Lat 20th c
-Nature v Nuture
- influence of darwinianism
- Rise of biological anth (Physical anth)
- Bioloogy of behavior
69
Bio of behavior
- inc. interest
- Human aggression, territoriality, and sexuality > genetic?
- Race and racism
- Arthur Jensen and Charles Murray
70
Arthur Jensen
Proposed variation in intelligence quotient (IQ)
71
Charles Murray
"The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life"
72
The New Physical Anth
```
• Bringing cultural and physical anthropology closer
together
• 1950s: New Cultural Evolutionism/ New
Archaeology/ New Physical Anthropology
• Sherwood L. Washburn
```
73
Sherwood L. Washburn
emphasized Synthetic Theory of Evolution (Darwinism and Mendelian genetics)
74
Kenneth Pike
Cognitive Anth
made analogy with contrast btwn phonemics and phonetics in linguistics
75
Edward Sapir
linguist, Yale cofounded anth dept
The unconscious Patterning of Behavior in Society (1972)
- patterns of social behavior are unconscious
- can you explain how you constructed the last sentence you spoke
76
Benjamin Lee Whorf
worked for an insurance company in Hartford
77
New ethnography
sought to make emic orientation explicit
inspired biy linguistics--sought to improve methodological rigor
sought to descreibe native cognition or perception
78
cognitive anthropologists
shared view that cult is a formal system of rules for thought and behavior
79
4 Key anth in cult neo-ev
Leslie White
Julian Steward
Marshall Sahlins
Elman Service
80
Leslie white
Anthropologist trained in Boasian tradition, broke rank
during career at University of Michigan
• Marxist orientation made him controversial figure –
FBI investigation
• Considered culture to be a system of its own kind, sui
generis, similar to Kroeber’s “superorganic” concept
• Lynchpin of system was thermodynamics, study of
conversion of forms of energy in the universe.
Layer cake model of culture
81
White publication
Energy and Tools
82
Sally Slocum
Woman the Gatherer: Male Bias in Anth
-anth and disciplines alike are shaped significantly by the questions they ask
83
Judith Butler
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution
- relationship btwn material bodies and "certain cult and historical possibilities" which contribute to teh creation of gender
- believes gender as "the legacy of sedimented acts"
- terms such as "woman" and "feminist" been naturalized and work against political goals
84
R.W. Connell
Masculinities in Recent World History
85
Lyons and Lynos
The New Anthropology of Sexuality
- "zero point of progress" discussing early, often racist perspectives in anth
- "privileged silence"
86
Andre Gunder Frank
Political Economy
Development and underdevelopment theory
critique of modernization
87
Political Economy
An anthropological perspective viewing sociocultural form at the local level as penetrated and influnced by global capitalism
88
modernization
The western practice of transforming non-capitalist, preindustrial economies into capitalist industrial eocnomies
89
World System theory
Immanuel Wallerstein's theory that core nation states are engaged in the systematic exploitation of peripheral nation states of labor and natural resources
90
Immanuel Wallerstien
The Modern World System (1980)
Political econ
World system theory
Ethnographically
91
Robert Redfield
University of Chicago
distinguished between "great" and "little" traditions, foreshadowing some insights of anth political econ
92
Great vs little tradition
Great- literate, religious and urban
little- oral, magical and rural
93
Michael Taussig
The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America (1980)
it is the local culture, rather than the doctrines of indust capitalism, that creates meaning out of an encouter btwn radically different societies
inequities of capitalism are the subject of citical evaluation by poor laboureres, who empoly the judeo-christian devil as a moral commentary on a system of economic relations over which they have little or no control
94
Eric Wolf
Europe and the People w/o History (1982)
Influenced by Steward
"people without history"
study of economic divorced study of politics
95
Edward Said
Orientalism (1979)
Knowing the Oriental
Forerunner of Public Anthropology
96
Orientalism
the West's patronizing representations of "The East" --the societies and peoples who inhabit the places of Asia, North Africa, and the middle east
tied to imperialist societies
97
Thomas Kuhn
The structure of scientific revolutions (1962)
-argued that science is largely conventional, consisting of answers to qustions that scientists agree are appropriate to ask at a particular time and place
called the intellectual framework for nomral science a "paradigm" and the process of scientific revolution a "paradigm shift."
Paul Feyerabend argued there is no logicl way to choose btwn paradigms bc all explanations are inevitably interpretations
concept of paradigms
98
Michel Foucault publication
the brith of the asylum
99
Pierre Bourdieu publication
The peculiar history of scientific reason
100
Pierre Bourdieu
| and Michael foucault
Postmodernity
attempt to do away with "false dichotomy" btwn social statics and change, or structure and agency
Enlightenment
distinctive perspectiveobjectivity
101
Foucault
discourse of power that shape relations btwn ppl
show how power determines different social form thorugh history
102
Foucault
discourse of power that shape relations btwn ppl
show how power determines different social form thorugh history
103
pierre bourdieu
doxa fields habitus practice
the production and reproduction of legitmate language
104
Medical ANth
Esp. in amer. anth
ethnomedical systems
allopathic biomedicine under scrutiny--building off of foucault: nancy and marg "critical med anth" view medicine as having an ideological component. MOre than a set of insights about how to diagnose and treat
105
feminist anth
attributed to the advent of new, progressive or radicalized political and social agendas
argue that more powerful and inclusive understandin goff society and cult can be achieved only by studying cult representatiosn of experience of, and practices assoc. with, women
106
Desmond MOrris
The Naked Ape
attributed all kinds of uman characteristics to evolved bipedal locomotion
107
Carleton coon
biological anthropologist
The Origin of Races (19304_
proposed that five major geographical races of the species homo sapines had originated in the species homo erectus and evolved into homo sap sepratioly
caucasoid race achieving apiens status first and the negroid race last
scientific racism
108
Sherwood L. Washburn
Launched New Physical Anth
biological anth
urgd biological anth to embrace the synthetic theory of ev
