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Anthropological thought > Important Contributions > Flashcards

Important Contributions Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Voyages; Native peoples were imperfect humans, therefore natural slaves

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2
Q

Monogenesis

A

humankind evolved from 2 ancestors

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3
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Scientific Revolution; used deduction epistemology to create cartesian numbers and duality of the world

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4
Q

Epistemology

A

Branch of Philosophy that explores the nature of Knowledge (How we know what we know)

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5
Q

Epistemology contains 2 categories

A

Deduction and Induction

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6
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Laid foundation for enlightenment; British Emperialism, advocate of scientific method and revolution

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7
Q

British Emperialism

A

Experience and observations are methods of gaining knowledge

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8
Q

French Rationalism

A

Opinions and actions based on reason rather than on religious beleifs or emotions

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9
Q

Copernicus

A

Sun is center of universe

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10
Q

Galleio

A

astronomy

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11
Q

Newton

A

“Principles of Mathematics”

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12
Q

John Locke

A

British empirialism; “an essay concerning human understanding”

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13
Q

Joseph Lafilau

A

“customs of american savages compared with those of earliest times”

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14
Q

Jean-Jacques Rosseas

A

humanity was happier in the past

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15
Q

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

A

3 stages of humanity: Hunting, Pastoralism, Farming

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16
Q

Adam Ferguson, WIlliam Roberston, John Miller

A

Believed technology and economics determined civilizations. 3 stages: Savagery, Barbarianism, Civilization

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17
Q

Universal historians

A

proposed stages of development

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18
Q

Materialism

A

human existence determined by sonciousness

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19
Q

Karl Marx

A

Communist Maifesto; studied pilosophiy and law; econ and polisci—leaned towards utopian

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20
Q

Fredrich Engels

A

Communist manifesto; Textile agency; Influenced by people living on streets and england working class

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21
Q

Napolean

A

nationalism ideology; instead of universal outlook on khumankind

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22
Q

august comte

A

multibolume work: course of positive phiolosophy…. stages of knowledge: theological, metaphysical and positive…. believed science was search for generalizations…. social dyanmics vs social statics….. creator of positivism

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23
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

grand global evolution schema—patrilineal decent; religon, houselife, property

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24
Q

Edward Burnett Tylor

A

Father of Modern Anthropology; how instituations develop and influence religion…. effected classical evolutionists

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25
Herbert Spencer
Father of Sociology; believed societies emerged from people's actions
26
Clark Wissler
First to draw cultural areas/zones
27
Cultural areas
geo areas with particular cultural based on language, religion, material culture; artifacts move between people
28
psychic unity
all people, regardless of genetics or race, have equal opportunity for change; adolf bastain
29
Fredrich Ratzel
German race homeland; Leben sraum living space
30
independent invention
cultural innovation can occur independently in more than one place
31
diffusionism
culture innovation evolve and are acquired trough borrowing and migrating
32
heliocentrism
sun centerdness; cultures that worship the sun......... example of diffusionism bc happened once in egypt and if new world had it then it was acquired and not naturall developed
33
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamark
Long necked vs short necked giraffes; before darwin
34
People before darwin
Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de button erasmus darwin lamarck
35
Key 19th c developments
Evolution Scientific Revolution (before newtons time) Geology
36
James Hutton
"theory of the Earth" and "No Vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end"
37
Charles Lyell
"Principles of Geology" --- Foundation of modern geology | "Geographical Evolutionist"
38
Thomas Robert Matthus
"An Essay on the Principle Population"
39
Alfred Russell Wallace
Evolution by natural selection
40
Neptunism
Scientific theory of geology proposed rocks formed from the crstallisation of minerals in the early earths oceans; abraham gottlob werner
41
Plutonism or volcanism
geo theory that the igenous rocks forming the earth originated from intrusive magmatic activity; jaems hutton and abbe anton moro
42
uniformitarianism
assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the univesre now have always operated in the univers in the past
43
catastrophism
the theory that the earth had largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived , violent events, possibly worldwide in scope
44
Darwin
Origin of species Evolution and natural selection Science v christianity Great debates of the day: Geology fossils formed in water but found on land took uniform and catas and made comperensive teory of biological evolution
45
Carolus Linneas
swedish biologist, classified living things into hierachy; taxonomy
46
Darwin's view on humans vs animals
Humans have culture and society and its changes overtime
47
Sigmund Frued
Austrich Nuerologist, clinical ideas were important and hold value but is interpretations were disproven foundign father of psychoanalysis Aligned with anthro bc of his attempts to define human behavior and culture interested in dreams and subconciousness repression of sexual desire results in disorders relating to cultural society
48
Emile Durkheim
Distinguished 19th c french sociologist; forerunner of 2 european schools: french structural anth an dbritish social anth resurgance of antionalism and catholicism
49
Emile Durkheim contributions
Division of labor in society | the elementary forms of the religious life
50
Division of Labor in Society
diversification and intergration of culture in 2 patterns... 1. primitive, less diversified--little ddivision of labor--cohered bc indv were similar 2. civilized, more diversified, considerable division of labor--cohered bc indv were different (organic solidarity)-the more organic the more govt was needed to regulate society
51
The elementary forms of the religous life
purpose to expose the social origins of religion which ultimately was origin of society itself experience of effervescence when interacting with others totems sacred and profaine contrast
52
origin
source in the group mind
53
sacred and profaine
beyond life | natural state of being
54
totems
embodied effervescence sensations thus powerful represenations that print powerful sentiments to the surface of consiousness even in the absence of ritual
55
effervescence
gas escaping from liquid
56
Lennin
SU Marxism; social memory; Power.. he was ideological and intellectual force with a social memory to him and memoraliziation
57
Max Weber
Credited with viewing the holistic individual-acting thinking feeling as central to the creations, maintenance and innovation of social and cultural forms idealisticwhich contrasted with materialism sought a theory that placed existing beliefs and structures in a particular historical context often thought of as a multi-evolutionsit theory accounts for great diversity of human life but doesn't rank it according to eurocentric scope of norms and values that of expectation (what IS as opposed to what SHOULD BE) is embodied and expressed trough an explicityly religous frame work
58
Fredinand de saussurer
huge figure in linguistics one of the most important precursors to 20thc linguistic and cultural anth also on of least celebrated figures founding father of modern disipline of ling multilingual brilliant young scholar; who study phsycis and chemistry 3 consec lectures on "general linguistics" largely unpublsied during life focused on what is language rather than temporal language through time speech communicates ideas language as a system of signs
59
language as signs
2 distinct elements 1. signifier that which communicates meaning and 2. the concept communicated by sigifier
60
relational vs systemic language
relational is understanding snow hail and sleet systemic is quality of language and tree and arbor meean same thing meow is word sound. signs not fixed ;; inuits have omre signs for snow

Anthropological thought (3 decks)

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