Exam 3

Question 1

These are specialized cells in the nervous system.

Are the conductive cells and act as messengers.

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

Neurons at rest have a _____ charge outside and _____ charge inside.

Answer 2

positive; negative

Question 3

Neurons at rest have _____, positive charges outside, negative charges inside.

Answer 3

potential

Question 4

When a neuron is at rest, the membrane of a neuron is 75x more permeable to ____ than _____.

Answer 4

potassium (K); sodium (Na)

Question 5

When a neuron is active, it flips and the _____ becomes more permeable than _____.

Answer 5

sodium (Na); potassium (K)

Question 6

A _____ is anything that allows those charges to change; using different ones for different neurons.

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

Stimuli for eyes are _____, activating neurons in the eyes.

Stimuli for ears are _____, activating neurons in the ears.

Answer 7

photons; vibrations

Question 8

There are _____ cells that are necessary for nervous system functions. These cells are non-neuronal cells that maintain _____, form _____, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, these cells include _____ and _____ cells.

Answer 8

glial/homeostasis/myelin/Schwann/satellite

Question 9

When the ion flips, it becomes an _____.

Answer 9

action potential

Question 10

A series of action potentials is called a _____.

Answer 10

nerve impulse

Question 11

_____ means to jump or leap.

Answer 11

Saltore conduction

Question 12

A _____ causes desensitization of neurons or slows down neurons.

Answer 12

Anesthetic

Question 13

A stimuli must reach a _____ in order to activate a neuron.

Answer 13

threshold

Question 14

A stimuli must reach a _____ in order to activate a neuron.

Answer 14

threshold

Question 15

The cells in your body have an _____ to maintain or reset resting membrane potential.
The “membrane pump” removes ____ (Na+) for every 2 (____) brought in (a _____ ratio). It never gets to equal.

Answer 15

active transport system/3/K/3:2

There is more sodium (Na+) than potassium (K) inside.

Question 16

The delay or reset time is called the _____; the amount of time necessary after an action potential occurs before the second action potential can occur (a pause).
There are two types: _____ and _____.

Answer 16

refractory period

relative; absolute

Question 17

_____ - after firing an action potential, a second may occur if there is a change or increase in stimuli at 10-15 milliseconds.

Answer 17

relative

Question 18

_____ - after an action potential occurs, a second cannot occur for 0-9 milliseconds.

Answer 18

absolute

Question 19

Basic motor neuron
_____ - are the gaps within.

_____ - allows for conduction to take place.

_____ - is the covering of the neuron’s Schwann cells; acts as an insulator.

Answer 19

Nodes of Ranvier

axon

myelin sheath

Question 20

Basic motor neuron
_____ - are the gaps within.

_____ - allows for conduction to take place.

_____ - is the covering of the neuron’s Schwann cells; acts as an insulator.

Answer 20

Nodes of Ranvier

axon

myelin sheath

Question 21

These receive information from the neurons in the form of action potentials. These small structures are found at the end of the neurons next to the axon. They receive electrical messages from the axons of neurons.

The messages are either _____ or _____.

Answer 21

dendrites

excitatory; inhibitory

Question 22

These types of signals cause the neuron to decrease its overall activity and release _____ signals.

Answer 22

inhibitory

Question 23

These types of signals cause the neurons to increase its overall activity and release _____ neurotransmitters.

Answer 23

excitatory

Question 24

_____ - the nerve cell body carries nerve impulses from sensory receptor toward the central nervous system.

Answer 24

Afferent

Question 25

_____ - create neural circuits, enable communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system. The interactions between these allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making.

Answer 25

Interneurons

Question 26

_____ - carries nerve impulses (information) away from the central nervous system.

Answer 26

Efferent

Question 27

_____ - is influenced by the neuron.

Answer 27

effector

Question 28

_____ - is the area where a neuron comes into contact with a neuron.

Answer 28

synapse

Question 29

_____ - specialized organelles called vesicles.

Answer 29

synaptic terminal

Question 30

_____ - actual space between the presynaptic neuron and the effector.

Answer 30

synaptic cleft

Question 31

_____ - the presynaptic part is located on an axon, the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or cell body (soma). They link the 2 membranes together and carry out the signaling process or messages from the presynaptic neuron to the effector. This is done by chemical process, found within the vesicles.

Answer 31

synaptic membrane

Question 32

_____ - the presynaptic part is located on an axon, the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or cell body (soma). They link the 2 membranes together and carry out the signaling process or messages from the presynaptic neuron to the effector. This is done by chemical process, found within the vesicles.

Answer 32

synaptic membrane

Question 33

These chemicals are referred to as _____; they act as a stimulus. Examples are sodium (Na+) and calcium. Calcium enters the synaptic terminal.

Answer 33

neurotransmitters

Question 34

_____ - a synapse which passes an _____ signal to its post-synaptic neuron or neurons causing them to be less likely to have an action potential or have reduced frequency of action potentials - decrease the rate of action or stop.

Answer 34

inhibitory synapse; inhibitory (signal)

Question 35

_____ - a synapse which, upon activation, increases the likelihood of an action potential on the post-synaptic neuron or increases the frequency of firing of the post-synaptic neuron - excite the effector.

Answer 35

excitatory response

Question 36

_____ - a synapse which, upon activation, increases the likelihood of an action potential on the post-synaptic neuron or increases the frequency of firing of the post-synaptic neuron - excite the effector.

Answer 36

excitatory response

Question 37

A synapse is one of many located throughout the body. The effector determines the response. There are many types of neurotransmitters and each has a different effect on the body. _____ acts within the brain to help regulate movement and emotion. _____ acts as a mood regulator, stabilizer. Estrogen and certain other hormones affect how neurotransmitters work.

Answer 37

dopamine; serotonin

Question 38

_____ are chemicals in neurons that communicate information throughout our brain and body. These are used to communicate with effectors (i.e. others, muscles, glands, etc.)

Answer 38

neurotransmitters

Question 39

_____ - examples are aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen, which can affect the function of a neurotransmitter.

Answer 39

neuromodulator(s)

Question 40

Is the primary cell of the nervous system; are a-mitotic; have the ability to conduct messages from one point to another.

Answer 40

neuron

Question 41

Are accessory cells to the nervous system that maintain homeostasis; form myelin; and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 41

neuroglial cells

Question 42

_____ - assist the neuron in conduction; form the myelin sheath.

Answer 42

Schwann cells

Question 43

_____ - are the most common neuroglial cells. They serve multiple functions. Their most important function is that they give neurons a blood supply and provide nutrients; act as an anchor to the neuron.

Answer 43

astrocytes

Question 44

_____ - are found in the central nervous system (CNS); produce growth-inhibitory proteins that inhibit the growth of injured neurons.

Answer 44

oligodendrocytes

Question 45

_____ - are found in the central nervous system (CNS); are almost like the white blood cells (WBC's) of the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis of nervous tissue by responding to signals from other cells and remove material that affects homeostasis. Are derived from blood cells.

Answer 45

microglial

Question 46

What are the 2 major parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 46

brain and spinal cord

Question 47

The outer part of the spinal cord is referred to as "?". The inner section of the cord is called "?". This is opposite from the brain, as the outer part of the brain is called ___ and the internal structure is the ___.

Answer 47

"white matter"/"grey matter" grey matter/white matter

Question 48

The outer part of the spinal cord is referred to as "?". The inner section of the cord is called "?". This is opposite from the brain, as the outer part of the brain is called ___ and the internal structure is the ___.

Answer 48

"white matter"/"grey matter" grey matter/white matter

Question 49

Nerves that take info towards the CNS are called _____.

Answer 49

afferent neurons

Question 50

Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.

Answer 50

efferent neurons

Question 51

Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.

Answer 51

efferent neurons

Question 52

Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.

Answer 52

efferent neurons

Question 53

Afferent neurons (___) carry signals to the brain and spinal cord as ___ data.

Answer 53

sensory

Question 54

Efferent neurons (___) send signals from the brain to the muscles, glands and organs of the body in response to sensory input.

Answer 54

motor

Question 55

Nerves that exist between these two are called ___; they are the most common.

Answer 55

interneurons

Question 56

What are the 3 sections into which the brain is divided?

Answer 56

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 57

The brain is also divided into 2 separate hemispheres; the right and left hemispheres.

Answer 57

In most cases, the right side of the brain affects the left side function of the body and vice versa.

Question 58

This is located in the temporal lobe and primarily on the left side is the part of the brain responsible for understanding language.If this part of the brain is affected by injury or stroke, a person may not be able to understand language.

Answer 58

Wernicke's area

Question 59

This is a type of aphasia due to injury to the left frontal area.

Answer 59

Broca's aphasia

Question 60

This type of aphasia is characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or to understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.

Answer 60

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 61

This is located in the frontal lobe and is almost always dominant on the left side. This area affects speech. Articulation and with tongue and mouth comes from this area also. If a stroke affects this area of the brain, a person will have their speech affected. This part of the brain is important for putting words together to form complete sentences.

Answer 61

Broca's area

Question 62

The central nervous system is divided into what 2 parts?

Answer 62

brain, spinal cord

Question 63

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

Answer 63

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 64

The forebrain also contains this which makes of most part of the brain?

Answer 64

cerebrum (cortex)

Question 65

The diencephalon is divided into these 3 parts?

Answer 65

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 66

The forebrain is divided into what 4 areas?

Answer 66

frontal/parietal/temporal/occipital lobe(s)

Question 67

The hindbrain is divided into what 3 parts?

Answer 67

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Question 68

The hindbrain is divided into what 3 parts?

Answer 68

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Question 69

This lobe is involved in vision and motor output?

Answer 69

occipital

Question 70

This lobe is involved in sensory input and touch?

Answer 70

parietal

Question 71

This lobe is involved in taste, smell, hearing, learning, memory, and some speech?

Answer 71

temporal

Question 72

This lobe is the primary center for speech, personality, learning, and conscious thought?

Answer 72

frontal

Question 73

The diencephalon is part of the forebrain and is divided into what 3 parts?

Answer 73

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 74

This section is the integrating center for sensory input?

Answer 74

thalamus

Question 75

This section includes the pineal gland; secretes melatonin; responsible for sleep/wake patterns.

Answer 75

epithalamus

Question 76

This section is very important in internal regulation or homeostasis; i.e pressure in the body, respiratory rates, heart rate, and body temperature. Controls endocrine system and its function. Senses metabolic changes. Produces hormones that are stored in the pituitary for later release.

Answer 76

hypothalamus

Question 77

This is the major relay station between the forebrain and hindbrain; it's responsible for hearing and sight; helps with perception.

Answer 77

midbrain

Question 78

What 3 parts make up the hindbrain?

Answer 78

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Question 79

This relays sensory information to the thalamus; autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities).

Answer 79

medulla oblongata

Question 80

This relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus; involuntary visceral motor centers.

Answer 80

pons

Question 81

This is involved in involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns; memory storage of learned motor patterns; adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 81

cerebellum

Question 82

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into what 2 divisions?

Answer 82

afferent (sensory) & efferent (motor)

Question 83

The efferent (motor) division is further divided into what 2 areas?

Answer 83

somatic & autonomic

Question 84

Is motor innervation of all skeletal muscles. Under mostly voluntary control. Sends information to structures you control.

Answer 84

somatic

Question 85

Is motor innervation of all smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary.

Answer 85

autonomic

Question 86

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into what 2 divisions?

Answer 86

sympathetic, parasympathetic