EXAM 3 BIO LAB Flashcards by Dana Mondragon

fundamental law of law of inheritance=Law of Dominance

one gene express itself in the presence of its allele

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fundamental law of law of inheritance= Law of segregation

members of an allelic pair separate during formation of gametes

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fundamental law of law of inheritance= Law of assortment

each gene pair (alleles) tends to assort independently of each other genes pairs are located on non-homologous chromosomes during the formation of gametes

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simple dominance and example

inheritance in which one gene expresses itself in the presence of its recessive allele

P=purple
p=yellow

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incomplete dominance and example

inheritance in which one allele is not dominate over the other offspring are intermediate in characteristics between the parent

RR=red
RW=pink
WW=white

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Mutiple alleles and example

inheritance in which the gene for a given character exits in the from of there or more alleles

ABO blood groups

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X-lined (sex-lined) and example

inheritance of traits from genes located on the x (or rarely Y) chromosome

eye color in fruit flies
red/green color blindness
hemophilia in humas

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sex influenced and example

which in the expression of the gene or genes is affected by the presences or absence of sex hormones

early baldness in humas

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Define Genetics

the science of heredity: The study of the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next

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Define Dominant

A gene that expresses itself in the presence of its recessive allele. “stronger” can express

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define Recessive

a gene that cannot express itself in the presence of its dominant allele “weaker”

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Define Allele

A form of gene: allele of a gene determines different expression of the same trait

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Define Genotype/ example

The actual makeup of an individual

*Code * PP-Pp-pp

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Define Phenotype/example

The physical appearance of an individual

*ph=physical *purple vs yellow

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define homozygous /example

member of allelic pair is the same

*Homo=same *Same letter upper case/lower case

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Define Heterozygous/example

members of an allelic pair are different case

*Hetero=different
* Different letters together

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in autosomal of kennel color, the gene for _____kernels is dominate over the gene for ______ kernels. This example of SIMPLE DOMINACE

purple
yellow

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why do we use corn for genetic study?

due to its simple genetics

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purple is dominant to yellow corn

purple is more dominant because there is more

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what did we do with the corn experiment

counted all corn down the row

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by calculating a ______we can accept or reject our hypothesis by comparing our observed data with expected data

test statistic

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formula for chi square
and the chi square test the ______ of collected data to a hypothesis

Goodness of fit

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do simple monohybrid cross/Punit square

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be able to work sex- linked inheritance questions about your results

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The most succesfull most advanced land plants are the

land plants

list the three part of the seed

seed coat embryo plant stored food

radicle

root

hypotocotyl

stem

plumule

leaves

The ______acts as the food source until the plant establishes its roots. sometimes they are the first leaves of the plant

cotyledon

label the parts of the seed

gymnosperms mean

naked seeds

angiosperms

naked vessels Ovules- immature seeds Ovary- becomes the fruit of the plants and encloses the seeds

two kinds of seed plants found on earth today are

Gymnosperms Angiosperm

the angiosperm possess flowers ______ (immature seeds) are enclosed in an ____ and the seeds are enclosed in a ___

Flowes ovule cupule

The gymnosperms are classified in 4 divisions

cycads ginkgo genotypes conifers

Conifers are the most common of the gymnosperms

pines junipers cedars bald cypress red wood giant sequoia

characteristics of coniferophyta that are gymnosperms

cones present but not flowers seeds borne naked on scale of cones leaves mostly needle- like or scale like pollination by wind

in addiction to food we obtain _____ _____ _____ ____ most important _____ from angiosperms

oils waxes fibers wood medicines

There are more than _____ described species of living angiosperms compared to only about ____ gymnosperms

250,000 600

characteristics of Anthophyta that are angiosperms

flowers present but not cones seeds enclosed immature ovary leaves mostly broad and flat pollination largely by animals

compare Gymnosperms and angiosperms

GY=not present vs AN= flowers present GY =leaves needle like vs AN= leaves broad/flat

#of cotyledons (first seeds leaves) MONOCOTS

1 cotyledons

#cotyledons (seeds leaves) DICOTS

2 cotyledons

#of flowers parts MONOCOTS

flowers parts in 3 multiples of 3

#of flowers part DICOTS

flower parts in 4 or 5 multiples of 4 or 5

leaf veins MONOCOTS

parallel leaf veins

leaf veins DICTOTS

netted leaf veins

arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem MONOCOTS

fibrous roots

arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem DICOTS

tap roots with laterales

type of roots MONOCOTS

vascular bundles in stem arranged randomly

type of roots DICOTS

vascular bundles in stem arranged in a ring

Examples MONOCOTS

lilies grasses orchids palms

Examples DICOTS

roses sunflowers oaks magnolias

stamen

male structure (consists of 2 parts, anther and filament)

Anther

produces pollen

filament

holds up anther (helps ensure pollen gets on pollinator)`

pollen

sperm

pollen tube

how sperm travels to ovary and is built by pollen (many in one flower pistil because a new one is made with each pollen grain that lands on stigma & it drills a pollen tube all the way from the stigma down the style to the ovary for fertilization)

petal

attraction and direction

sepal

protects flower bed

pistil

female structure (consists of 3 part; stigma style and ovary)

stigma

collects pollen

style

how pollen travels to ovary

ovary

contains ovules

ovule

immature seeds

receptacle

holds flower

type of meristem tissues Primary (apical)

increase length found in tips of roots/shoots apical: tip

type of meristem tissues secondary

increase diameter/girth found around trunks/limbs

An oak tree grows at a rate on foot per year. In 2000 you craved your initials in the bark at the height of five feet from the ground. When you return to the tree in the year 2020, how high off the ground will your initials be? why

Your initials will be in the same height because the trunk does not grow only the limbs

Most angiosperm are pollinated by insects an adaptation called ________from Greek words meaning "love of insects"

ENTOMOPHILLY

what does Entomophily mean

love of insects

define ecology

is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment

Define Population

Organisms is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at a given time

Define Habitat

The place you are occupying the lab room is your habitat

Define Community

consists of all those populations of all species occupying a given area at a given time

Define Ecosystem

The combination of the community and it's environment comprise an

define Producers

are autotrophic organisms such as most plants and a few microorganisms

Define Consumers

are heterotrophic organisms that

Define Trophic level

consumers are usually classified into feeding (trophic levels) by what they eat

Define Primary consumers

are herbivores animals that eat plant material

Define Secondary consumers

are organisms that eat primary consumers or other secondary consumers

Define Decomposers

include fungi most bacteria and some Protista that break down organic material into smaller molecules which are then recycled into the ecosystem

Define Herbivores

animals that eat plant material

Define Carnivores

eat primary consumers or other consumers

Define Omnivores

HUMAS ARE OMNIVORES

construt a food web

producers: Grasses primary consumers: rabbits (eats grass) Secondary consumers: Foxes( eats rabbits) Tertiary consumers: Eagles(eats foxes)

identify organism

determine the specific organism you are examining

what level is producers

They are at the first trophic level Ex: plants-algae

what is level is primary consumers

they are the second trophic level Ex: Rabbit - deer

what level is secondary consumers

they are the third trophic level Ex: Foxes- snakes

what level is tertiary consumers'

they are the fourth trophic level Ex: Hawks-lions `

Type 1 survivorship

low morality early life most deaths occurring in a narrow time span at maturity

type 2 survivorship

rate of morality fairly constant at all ages

type 3 survivorship

high morality early life

how barn owls make pellets

swallow their prey whole. The stomach uses enzymes to break down prey. nutrients are absorbed while parts like bones and fur are compacted into a pellet and expelled through the mouth

what does what owl pellet consists of

bones fur

producers most stored energy decreases throughout each level

human(black raspberry, hickory nuts, deer rabbits)

Omnivores

black raspberry (sun)

producers

deer (plants)

consumer

bear(black raspberry, deer)

consumer

coyote(deer, rabbits, black raspberry's)

consumer

Nematode (iving hickory treroots)

Primary consumer parasite

Bacterial species 1 (black raspberries)

Decomposer

Bacterial species 2 (deer)

Decomposers

Bacterial species 3 (dead hickory trees, dead black raspberries, dead humans, dead black bears, dead capture about 10% of the energy stored in a green deer)

Decomposers

Weasels (young rabbits)

Secondary consumer

Mosquito (blood of living humans, deer, and bears)

Secondary consumer parasite

Hickory tree (sun)

Producers

Cyanobacterium (sun)

Producers

Fungal species 1 (living black raspberries)

Producers

Fungal species 2 (dead hickory trees, dead black raspberries)

Decomposer

Rabbit (black raspberries)

Primary consumer

EXAM 3 BIO LAB Flashcards

(114 cards)