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Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam 3: Ch 11-14 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch 11-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical Language Processing Model

A

Traditional view that emphasizes specific brain regions for processing, primarily Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

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2
Q

Mental Lexicon

A

Cognitive storage system that organizes linguistic information in a semantic network structure

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3
Q

Components of Mental Lexicon

A

Word form, syntactic information, and conceptual knowledge

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4
Q

Main Challenge in Speech Perception

A

Continuous speech lacks clear physical word boundaries

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5
Q

Coarticulation

A

Process where words blend together in continuous speech, making segmentation difficult

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6
Q

Speech Perception Strategies

A

Prosody, syllable stress analysis, and contextual information processing

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7
Q

Primary Areas of Acoustic Processing

A

Main auditory cortex and regions sensitive to tones, speech sounds, and word recognition

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8
Q

Sensitivity Gradient in Language Processing

A

Range from low sensitivity in prefrontal cortex to high sensitivity in superior temporal sulcus

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9
Q

Selfridge Model Components

A

System that analyzes letter features to identify best-matched letters

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10
Q

McLelland and Rumelhart Model Layers

A

Feature layer, letter layer, and word layer working in an integrated system

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11
Q

Speech Segmentation Example

A

How “What do you mean?” appears as one continuous sound rather than separate words

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12
Q

Recent Research Development

A

Shows language processing is more complex than initially theorized by classical models

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13
Q

Category-Specific Processing

A

Unique feature of mental lexicon that supports specialized language understanding

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14
Q

Brain Regions for Speech Sound Analysis

A

Areas specifically dedicated to processing general tones and speech sounds

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15
Q

Pattern Recognition Challenge

A

Why letter features alone are insufficient for complete word comprehension

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16
Q

Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)

A

A brain region specialized in word recognition with strong connectivity to language networks

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17
Q

EEG Language Response - N400

A

Brain’s response indicating semantic processing and meaning integration

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18
Q

EEG Language Response - P600

A

Brain’s response associated with syntactic processing and grammatical structure

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19
Q

Speech and Word Processing Components

A

Combination of distinct neural networks and overlapping processing regions in the brain

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19
Q

Context-Dependent Language

A

Process where individual words are interpreted within the broader linguistic environment

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20
Q

Language Processing Location

A

Dynamic, interconnected brain networks rather than strictly localized regions

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21
Q

Neural Integration in Language

A

Combination of acoustic processing, visual pattern recognition, and semantic/syntactic context

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22
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Language disorder affecting speech production and grammar

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23
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Language disorder affecting comprehension and meaningful content

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24
Orthographic to Phonological Conversion
Process of transforming written text into spoken language
25
Semantic Violation Example
Words that create meaning inconsistency in context (like "lunch tomorrow night")
26
What is language processing?
A complex cognitive system enabling rapid communication through multiple levels of analysis
26
What are the five levels of language analysis?
Sounds, Words, Sentence structure, Discourse context, World knowledge
27
What is the Mental Lexicon?
A mental store of linguistic information containing semantic, syntactic, and word form information
28
What types of information does semantic memory store?
Word meanings, word combinations, and visual/sound/gesture patterns
29
How many words are in the average English mental lexicon?
Approximately 50,000 words
30
How quickly can word recognition occur?
Less than 500 milliseconds
31
What are the key characteristics of the Mental Lexicon?
Fast word recognition, not organized like a dictionary, and dynamic system that can add/forget/prioritize words
32
What are the four types of linguistic information in semantic networks?
Phonological, Morphological, Semantic, and Syntactic
33
How are words organized in the mental lexicon?
In interconnected semantic networks where conceptually similar words are closer together
34
What was significant about Elizabeth Warrington's studies?
Discovered patients with selective naming difficulties for specific categories
35
What are the three main categories of semantic organization?
Living Things, Man-made Objects, and Persons
36
How is the category of Living Things processed?
Processed differently from other categories according to Warrington studies
37
How are Man-made Objects processed?
Through distinct neural processing shown by neuroimaging research
38
What is category-specific deficit?
A condition where patients struggle to name specific categories of objects while retaining ability to name others
38
What characterizes the processing of Person-related information?
Unique neural activation patterns demonstrated by PET scan studies
39
Brain Region for Person Naming
The temporal pole
40
Brain Region for Animal Naming
Middle inferior temporal gyri
41
Brain Region for Tool Naming
Posterior inferior temporal gyrus
42
Word Knowledge in Average Adult
10,000-20,000 words
43
Word Processing Speed
Can recognize and produce approximately 3 words per second
44
Key Characteristics of Language Learning
Children acquire it naturally without explicit instruction
45
Primary Challenges in Language Research
Linguistic complexity, semantic ambiguity, and multiple processing levels
46
Evidence of Categorical Brain Organization
Brain lesion locations correspond to specific naming deficits
47
Mental Lexicon Definition
The collective store of information about semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology
48
Processing Theory Components
Involves both sensory-perceptual and functional information processing
49
Network Organization Principle
Words with stronger associations have shorter distances between them
50
Language Processing Speed
Rapid integration of multiple linguistic information types simultaneously
51
What is language lateralization?
The predominant processing of language in the left hemisphere of the brain
52
What percentage of right-handed individuals show left-hemisphere language processing?
96%
53
What percentage of left-handed individuals show left-hemisphere language processing?
76%
54
What is the Wada Test used for?
Anesthetizes one hemisphere to determine language laterality by looking at BOLD signaling
55
What is the Silent Word Generation Task?
A method where subjects generate words silently to map brain activation
56
What is aphasia?
A language comprehension or production deficit following brain damage
57
What percentage of stroke patients experience aphasia?
40%
58
What are the main characteristics of Broca's Aphasia?
Difficulty producing words, limited to single words or short sentences, but understand what they want to say
59
What is agrammatism?
Deficits in processing grammatical aspects of language, particularly in Broca's Aphasia
60
How do Broca's Aphasia patients handle complex syntax?
They have difficulty understanding sentences with complex structure, like passive voice
61
What is a key symptom of function word usage in Broca's Aphasia?
Omission of function words like "the" or "to"
62
What are the main characteristics of Wernicke's Aphasia?
Trouble comprehending language, fluent but nonsensical speech, unaware of errors
63
What is Anomic Aphasia?
A condition where patients have difficulty naming objects but can describe their function
64
How does the chair example demonstrate Anomic Aphasia?
Patient cannot name a chair but can describe its uses (sitting, napping)
65
What is Agraphia?
The inability to write due to motor dysfunction or spelling inability
66
What is Dysarthria?
A motor speech disorder involving muscle control problems in speech production
67
What is Alexia?
The inability to read while maintaining ability to spell and write
68
Where is Broca's Area located?
Left inferolateral prefrontal cortex (pars opercularis, pars triangularis)
69
What are the three main functions of Broca's Area?
Speech production, motor images of words, and syntactic processing
70
What is the Cookie Theft Picture Test?
A diagnostic tool where patients with Broca's aphasia attempt to describe a picture, revealing speech production difficulties
71
How can Broca's area be studied experimentally?
Through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) disruption
72
Wernicke's Area Location
Posterior third of left superior temporal gyrus
73
Classical Model Limitation
Recent studies show language processing involves broader networks, not just specific regions
74
Components of Language Processing Network
Broca's area, Wernicke's area, inferior frontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, arcuate fasciculus
75
Global Aphasia Cause
Results from damage to the entire language processing network, affecting both speech and comprehension
76
Broca's Historical Cases Revelation
High-resolution MRI showed more extensive brain damage and lesions beyond originally identified regions
77
Wernicke's Aphasia Characteristics
Patients show intact semantic priming but struggle with integrating words into sentence context
78
Simple vs Complex Syntax
Simple involves basic sentence structures, while complex includes reversible passives and relative clauses
79
Language Processing Modern View
A distributed cognitive function involving multiple brain regions and intricate processing networks
80
Agrammatic Aphasia
Condition where patients have difficulty using syntax to interpret sentence meaning
81
Speech Comprehension Center
Area responsible for processing auditory images of words and understanding spoken language
82
Language Deficit Post Brain Injury
General term for impairments in language comprehension and production following brain trauma

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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