Lesson 5

Question 1

Translation of external information (light, sound, touch, odor, time) into neural codes

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

The organization and interpretation of sensations into a coherent percept of the world

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

Cells specialized to detect certain kinds of
stimuli

Answer 3

sensory receptors

Question 4

Process for converting physical stimulus energy into electrochemical messages for transmission as nerve impulses to the brain

Answer 4

transduction

Question 5

what are the two sensory areas we have in the brain?

Answer 5

primary and secondary

Question 6

All sensory inputs reach cortex via the thalamus
except for _______

Answer 6

olfaction

Question 7

Bees perceive distinct color patterns on flowers that are invisible to the human eye. Why is that?

Answer 7

The color patterns are in ultraviolet light, which humans cannot see

Question 8

vision begins where and with what?

Answer 8

at the eye with sensation

Question 9

electromagnetic energy that travels in waveforms that have intensity and wavelength

Answer 9

light

Question 10

intensity is related to what?

Answer 10

brightness

Question 11

wavelength is related to what?

Answer 11

colors

Question 12

distance in crest between two waves - relates to perceived color

Answer 12

wavelength

Question 13

what type of cells are located in the retina (the back part of the eye)?

Answer 13

photoreceptors

Question 14

how much types of photoreceptors are there in the eye? what are they?

Answer 14

2; RODS and CONES

Question 15

high-sensitivity, but low-resolution vision (poor acuity),
no color (black & white), good for low-light conditions

Answer 15

RODS

Question 16

good for high-resolution vision, and for color vision

Answer 16

CONES

Question 17

Where are cones most concentrated in?

Answer 17

the fovea

Question 18

where are rods absent from?

Answer 18

the fovea

Question 19

true or false? if false, correct the statement

both rods and cones exist in the blind spot of the eye

Answer 19

False; No receptors at all exist in the blind spot

Question 20

true or false? if false, correct the statement

there are actually many pathways from the eye to the brain

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what principle aligns with there being a gradual decline in the reaction to any stimulus if the stimulus persists unchanged

Answer 21

adaptation

Question 22

Sensory systems respond more to change in _______

Answer 22

stimulation

Question 23

what type of cells don’t respond to light/dark per se, but local transitions from light to dark, or dark to light (i.e., edges)

Answer 23

retinal ganglion cells

Question 24

bright in the center and dark in the immediate surround elicits strongest increase in activity

Answer 24

on-center

Question 25

dark in the center and bright in the immediate surround elicits strongest increase in activity

Answer 25

off-center

Question 26

Left visual field images are communicated to ____ visual cortex.

Answer 26

right

Question 27

Right visual field images are communicated to ____ visual cortex.

Answer 27

left

Question 28

Contra Eye: Layers ___,____ & ___

Answer 28

1, 4 & 6

Question 29

Ipsi Eye: Layers ____, ____ & ___

Answer 29

2, 3 & 5

Question 30

some ‘vision’ via a subcortical visual pathway

Answer 30

blindsight

Question 31

Perception combines ____ stimuli (bottom-up) and ______ (top-down)

Answer 31

visual; expectations

Question 32

what is one "rule" the visual system use to arbitrate between possible interpretations?

Answer 32

"non-accidental view” (the one that’s simplest, most probable, as opposed to least probable)

Question 33

When in visual processing do ‘top down’ processes influence perception?

Answer 33

Attention to regions of space can alter or enhance responding in V1 (and even LGN), but the response properties are the same

Question 34

what area responses to ‘illusory’ lines?

Answer 34

V2

Question 35

what areas have dorsal and ventral components, after which the visual pathways split?

Answer 35

V2 and V3

Question 37

The highest density of ________, or color-sensitive photoreceptors, can be found in the ________ of the retina.

Answer 37

cones; fovea

Question 38

Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor, Sheena has poor vision at night, when light levels are relatively low. Which type of photoreceptor is defective?

Answer 38

rod

Question 39

The primary visual pathway is best described as

Answer 39

retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> thalamus --> occipital lobe

Question 40

the "what" pathway is located in the

Answer 40

temporal lobe

Question 41

the "where" pathway is located in the

Answer 41

parietal

Question 42

V4 is important in

Answer 42

shape and color perception

Question 43

V5 is important in

Answer 43

movement perception

Question 44

V4 color vision depends on what two things?

Answer 44

wavelength (cones) and luminance (or presumed luminance)

Question 45

how can we assess functional role of visual areas?

Answer 45

by examining behavior in patients with lesions that result in specific deficits in perception.

Question 46

what disorder impairs motion perception due to cortical damage? where do they have damage?

Answer 46

Akinetopsia; damage in V5

Question 47

Impaired color perception due to cortical damage

Answer 47

Achromatopsia

Question 48

what does the dorsal pathway of vision offer us?

Answer 48

-Where/How computations -Spatial perception -Dynamics/motion -Vision for action

Question 49

what does the lateral pathway of vision offer us?

Answer 49

-What computations -Shape, color, texture -Object recognition -Object categorization: -Links with memory

Question 50

Optic ataxia is impairment of visually guided reaching despite normal object recognition. Impaired vision for action. What type of lesion would a patient have?

Answer 50

dorsal lesion

Question 51

Visual agnosia (without knowledge) is impairments in object recognition/spared action vision also, impaired vision for color.What type of lesion would a patient have?

Answer 51

Ventral lesion

Question 52

Brain regions selectively responding to faces

Answer 52

Fusiform Face Area

Question 53

what do patients have difficulty with when there is damage to the Fusiform Face Area

Answer 53

recognizing faces

Question 54

area that responses to body parts

Answer 54

EBA, extrastriate body area

Question 55

area that responses to objects and shapes

Answer 55

LOC, lateral occipital complex, and IT, inferior temporal, cortex in general

Question 56

area that responses to places

Answer 56

PPA, parahippocampal place area

Question 57

area that responses to faces

Answer 57

FFA, fusiform face area; FFB, fusiform body area

Question 58

Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene?

Answer 58

the parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Question 59

With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.

Answer 59

“where”; “what”

Question 60

If you were to conduct a single-cell recording from a neuron in the MT region of the extrastriate visual cortex, you would probably find that the cell fires most vigorously to a

Answer 60

bar of light that moves across the cell’s receptive field.