Exam 3, Ch. VII Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Parts of the prosencephalon
A
- 3rd ventricle
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- subthalamus
2
Q
Functions of the prosencephalon
A
- relay center to the cerebrum
- integrative
- autonomic and endocrine
3
Q
What does the epithalamus include?
A
Pineal gland, posterior commissure
4
Q
What is the other name for the pineal gland?
A
Hypophysis cerebri
5
Q
What is the pineal gland filled with?
A
Epiphysial cells
6
Q
T/F: the pineal gland is less numerous in capillary beds and glial support cells
A
False- more numerous
7
Q
What is brain sand?
A
Calcifications in the pineal gland
8
Q
Why are pineal tumors hard to remove?
A
- located behind major structures
- in geographic center
- posterior side of brain stem
9
Q
*What does the pineal gland secrete?
A
Melatonin, serotonin, norepinephrine
10
Q
Is the pineal gland sensitive to light directly?
A
No
11
Q
What is involved with the circadial cycle?
A
Melatonin
12
Q
How many people are affected by SAD?
A
1 in 20
13
Q
*What is the largest commissure?
A
Corpus callosum-> 300 million neurons
14
Q
Is the posterior commissure small or large?
A
Small, but identifiable
15
Q
*What is located in the posterior commissure?
A
Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei
16
Q
Just inferior and anterior to the posterior commissure is the ___, which may produce aldosterone
A
Subcommissural organ
17
Q
What is included in the thalamus?
A
Lateral and medial geniculate bodies
18
Q
*What joins each half of the thalamus?
A
Massa intermedia
19
Q
*The thalamus forms the bulk of the ___ walls of the 3rd ventricle
A
Lateral
20
Q
*All sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres, except ___, is relayed in the thalamus
A
Olfaction
21
Q
An ___ of myelinated fibers runs through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions
A
Internal medullary lamina
22
Q
*What is the largest part of the thalamus only found in high primates?
A
Pulvinar
23
Q
What forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle and portions of the 3rd ventricle’s lateral walls?
A
Hypothalamus
24
Q
Is the hypothalamus small or large?
A
Small
25
*What is included in the hypothalamus?
Infundibular stalk and optic chiasma
26
Subdivisions of the medial zone of the hypothalamus?
Anterior, intermediate and posterior
27
T/F: the hypothalamus works unaided or uninfluenced from other centers
False- does not
28
The hypothalamus has vague control over the basic drives of ___
Hunger, thirst and sex
29
What controls the physical aspects of emotional expression?
Hypothalamus
30
The hypothalamus has central control over ___ functions
Fight or flight
31
Endocrine control of the HT: directly via ___ axon extensions into the ___ pituitary
Neuron, posterior
32
Endocrine control of the HT: indirectly via ___ to control the release of ___ pituitary hormones
Neurohormones, anterior
33
*Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via the ___ tract
Hypothalamohypophyseal
34
*The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei release ___ and ___
Oxytocin and ADH
35
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of milk
36
What does ADH do?
Increases water resorption
37
What nucleus is responsible for circadial rhythms?
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
38
The anterior nucleus of the HT is know for ___ functions
Parasympathetic
39
The ___ is a thermoregulator, especially as the body heats up
Preoptic area
40
What does the preoptic area stimulate?
Sweating
41
The dorsomedial nuclei of the intermediate area of the HT has ___ influence
Parasympathetic
42
The ventromedial nuclei of the intermediate area of the HT is a center for ___
Eating and thirst gratification-> "satiety center"
43
*Arcuate nuclei release ___ -> hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones
Releasing factors
44
What is the tuber ceinereum?
Bulge between the infundibular stalk and mammillary bodies
45
*Mammillary bodies deal with ___
Short-term memory
46
What is Korsakov's Syndrome?
Lack of vitamin absorption, causes you to invent memories
47
What is anterograde amnesia?
Where forward memories stop being created for a while
48
What is retrograde amnesia?
Not remembering things prior to an event
49
___ is a thermoregulatory, especially as the body cools down
Posterior nuclei
50
What would fibers from the hypothalamic nuclei be doing if they descend to specific nuclei for CNs III, VII, IX, or X?
Parasympathetic fibers
51
Which area gives rise to the anterior pituitary and intermediate pituitary?
Rathke's Pouch
52
The anterior pituitary must receive its hypothalamic influence via the ___
Bloodstream
53
Blood supply and portal system pathway
Internal carotid arteries-> fenestrated sinusoids-> pick up releasing factors-> hypophyseal portal veins
54
Nuclei included in the subthalamus
1. parvocellular region of the red nucleus
| 2. superior portion of the SN
55
___ sends and receives fibers to and from the globus pallidus
Corpus Luysi
56
Lesions of the ___ may lead to ballism or hemiballism
Extrapyramidal system-> Corpus Luysi
57
Are the cerebral hemispheres the same anatomically?
Yes
58
Are the cerebral hemispheres the same functionally?
No
59
Functions of the left cerebral hemisphere
1. grammar
2. vocabulary
3. linear reasoning
4. speech
5. tool use
60
Functions of the right cerebral hemisphere
1. prosotic language
2. spatial manipulation
3. singing
61
The outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex is called the ___
Pallium
62
The underlying mass of white fibers in the cerebral cortex is called ___
Centrum semiovale
63
The collections of neuron cells bodies deep within the white matter are called ___
Basal ganglia
64
The ___ and limbic region are sometimes called lobes or pseudolobes
Isle of Reil
65
Functions of the telencephalon
1. thinking
2. initiation
3. memory
4. integration
66
Abstract thinking serves as a basis for much of our ___ in Brodmann areas 9-12
Emotional response
67
In most areas, the ___ cortex is thicker than the ___ cortex
Gyrus, sulcus
68
How many neurons are in the cerebral cortex?
100 billion
69
Subdivisions of the cortex
1. neocortex
| 2. allocortex
70
Which occupies the majority of the cerebral cortex: neocortex or allocortex?
Neocortex
71
6 laminae of the neocortex
1. molecular lamina I
2. external granular lamina II
3. external pyramidal lamina III
4. internal granular lamina IV
5. internal pyramidal lamina V
6. multiform lamina VI
72
Characteristics on the molecular layer
1. outermost-> nearest to pia matter
| 2. synaptic activity
73
Characteristics on the external granular layer
1. granular neurons
2. axons extend to deeper lamina
3. intracortical association layer
74
*Characteristics of the external pyramidal layer
1. pyramidal-shaped neurons
* 2. axons extend to white matter and the return to gray
3. inter cortical association layer
75
Which lamina are called the associative lamina?
Lamina II and III
76
Characteristics on the internal granular layer
1. small, closely-packed cells
2. thalamic inputs
3. well-developed in sensory areas
77
Characteristics on the internal pyramidal layer
1. large pyramidal-shaped neurons
2. giant pyramidal (Betz) cells
3. axons project to other brain and cord centers
78
Characteristics of the multiform layer
1. incoming and outgoing fibers
| 2. projection neurons
79
Which lamina are called the projection laminae?
Lamina V and VI
80
*Brodmann area 4
1. pre central gyrus
2. most fibers to pyramidal system
3. voluntary motor initiation
4. distal extremities and facial and oral musculature
5. giant pyramidal (Betz) cells
6. lamina V and VI
7. multiple fibers originate here
81
*Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3
1. post central gyrus
2. body sensing
3. VPL, VPM, lamina IV
4. voluntary motor initiation pathways
5. lamina V and VI
82
*Brodmann areas 6 and 8
1. premotor
| 2. directly and indirectly to pyramidal system
83
*Brodmann area 6
Proximal extremities
84
*Brodmann area 8
1. voluntary eye movements
2. 6 eye muscles
3. CNs III, IV, VI
85
*Brodmann areas 9, 10, 11, 12
1. lamina II and III
2. highly developed
3. thought, reasoning, imaginative and emotional uniqueness
86
*Brodmann area 44
1. frontal operculum
2. Broca's speech area
3. tongue, laryngeal, pharyngeal muscles
4. speaking, writing, signing
87
What is aphasia?
Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking, or signs
88
Which artery is involved with strokes?
Middle cerebral
89
Speech in specific and communicative skills are dominate on the ___ side of the brain
Left
90
*Brodmann areas 17, 18, 19
1. occipital lobes
| 2. visual cortex
91
*Brodmann area 17
1. calcarine sulcus
2. lateral geniculate body
3. primary visual cortex
4. striate cortex
92
*Brodmann areas 18 and 19
1. integrating
2. memory storage for visual sensations
3. lesions inhibit correlating present images with past experience
93
What is prosopagnosia?
1. damage to areas 18 and 19
| 2. being unable to recognize faces
94
What macula lutea?
1. portion f the retina with the clearest vision
| 2. part that is affected by macular degneration
95
*Brodmann area 41
1. superior temporal gyrus
2. Heschl's gyrus
3. fibers come from the medial geniculate body
4. hearing-> pitch, tone, loudness
96
*Brodmann area 22
1. Wernicke's area
2. nearly to the parietal lobe
3. hearing memory
4. formation of written word
5. lesion results in dysphasia
97
*Brodmann area 5, 7, 39, 40
1. parietal lobe
2. sensation memory
3. reading, writing, language
4. lesions in 39 result in Alexia and agraphia
98
*What is the arcuate fasciculus?
1. connection between 22 and 44
| 2. use tools
99
*What is the gustatory area?
1. taste reception
2. parietal operculum
3. gustatory center
100
*What are the olfactory areas?
1. only sense that skips the thalamus
2. stem cells are constantly replaced
* 3. interpretation comes from 34 in the uncus and 28 in the parahyppacampal gyrus
101
Name of the caudate and putamen nuclei
Neostriatum
102
Name of the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus
Corpus striatum
103
Name of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and amygdaloid complex
Basal ganglia
104
*Name for the putamen and globus pallidus
Lenticular nucleus
105
Features of stratal lesions
1. caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
| 2. lead to dyskinesia
106
What are types of dyskinesia (muscle tone disturbances)?
1. tremor
2. chorea
3. ballism or hemiballism
107
Features of tremors
1. shaking of digits and lips at rest
| 2. action of voluntary muscles-> lesion to the cerebellum
108
Features of chorea
1. involuntary movements
2. deficiency of GABA
3. corpus striatum begins to deteriorate
109
Features of ballism or hemiballism
1. violent movement
2. lesions of the globus pallidus
3. Corpus Luysi
110
Function of the corpus stratum
Regulating movement
111
*Characteristics of the caudate nucleus
1. head is continuous with the putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges
2. afferent fibers synapse in the cortex, thalamus, substantial nigra, putamen
3. efferent fibers extend to the putamen, globus pallidus, substantial nigra, thalamus
112
Characteristics of the putamen nucleus
1. afferents synapse in the cortex, thalamus, SN, putamen
2. efferents extend to the putamen, GP, SN, thalamus
3. stored dopamine
113
Characteristics of the globus pallidus nucleus
1. medial and lateral medullary lamina
2. afferents: caudate, putamen, sub thalamic nucleus (GP)
3. efferents: primary efferent outflow from the corpus striatum-> anterior aspect
114
*Characteristics of the amygdala
1. temporal lobe
2. introvert have a higher functioning one
3. limbic system
* 4. increased inhibition-> must be intact to sense fear and anger
115
What is the name of the white matter of the telencephalon?
Centrum semiovale
116
Where do white matter fibers travel in the telencephalon?
Corona radiate and internal capsule
117
*How many neurons does the corpus callosum have?
300 million neurons
118
Parts of the corpus callosum
1. splenium
2. body
3. genu
4. rostrum
5. forceps anticus
6. forceps posticus
7. tapetum
119
Which is the largest of all commissures?
Corpus callosum
120
Lesions and surgery of the corpus callosum can cause ___
Alien hand syndrome
121
*What is the most abundant part of the white matter in the telencephalon?
Association axon bundles
122
Short association axon fibers connect adjacent or ___
Near gyri
123
Long association axons fibers connect distal parts of the ___
Same hemisphere
124
Clinical considerations of the telencephalon
1. trauma-> mild traumatic brain injury (biomechanical forces)
2. concussion
3. dementia pugilistica (repeated head trauma)
4. plasticity (map, redundancy, rewiring, neglect)
