Unit V: Rhombencephalon Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Parts of the hindbrain
A
- MO
- pons
- cerebellum
2
Q
*Which is included in the myelencephalon?
A
MO
3
Q
*Which is included in the metencephalon?
A
Pons and cerebellum
4
Q
What is the brain stem?
A
MO and pons
5
Q
*What is the apparent origin?
A
Where a nerve attaches to the brainstem-> sensory
6
Q
*What is the nucleus of origin?
A
Where the nerve actually attaches-> motor
7
Q
*What is the nucleus or termination?
A
Where a nerve terminates-> sensory
8
Q
What are functions of the MO?
A
- passive fiber conduction
- relay nuclei: gracilis, cuneatus, inferior olivary nucleus
- CN nuclei: V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
9
Q
*Where is the exact inferior border of the MO?
A
Superiormost ventral rootlet of C1
10
Q
Apparent origin of CNs that are near the posteriolateral sulcus
A
IX, X, XI
11
Q
Apparent origin of CNs that are in the inferior pontine sulcus
A
VI
12
Q
Apparent origin of CNs that are in the pontocerebellar angle
A
VII, VIII
13
Q
Apparent origin of CNs that are in the ventrolateral sulcus
A
XII
14
Q
*What is the area that detects toxins in the blood and triggers vomiting?
A
Area Postrema
15
Q
Internal features of the inferior olivary nucleus
A
- relays information to cerebellum’s central nuclei and cortex
- fibers come from the cord, red nucleus, midbrain, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and reticular formations
16
Q
What controls general arousal of activity in the CNS?
A
Reticular formation
17
Q
*What fibers are located in the pyramids?
A
Descending pyramidal fibers
18
Q
*Which fibers cross in the pyramids?
A
Lateral spinothalamic tract
19
Q
*What is the medial lemniscus of the brain?
A
Bilateral band of ascending fibers-> gracilis and cuneatus
20
Q
*What are the CN nuclei in the MO?
A
V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
21
Q
Accessory oculomotor nucleus
A
Parasympathetic control of ciliary and pupillary constrictor smooth muscles of the eye
22
Q
Oculomotor nuclei
A
Somatic motor muscle control for 4 of the 6 extraocular eye muscles and upper eyelid
23
Q
Trochlear nucleus
A
Somatic motor muscle control for the superior oblique extraocular eye muscle
24
Q
Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus
A
Proprioception from muscles of mastication and periodontal ligaments of the teeth
25
Trigeminal motor nucleus
Somatic motor to muscles of mastication- tensor villi palatini, tensor tympanic, anterior belly of the digastric and mylohyoid muscle
26
Abducens nucleus
Somatic motor muscle control for the lateral rectus extraocular eye muscle
27
Facial nucleus
Most superficial somatic motor muscles of the scalp and face
28
Superior salivary nucleus
Parasympathetic control of lacrimal glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary gands
29
Inferior salivary nucleus
Parasympathetic control of parotid salivary gland
30
Vestibular and cholera nuclei
Equilibrium and hearing
31
*Hypoglossal nucleus
Somatic motor control for 16 of the 18 named tongue muscles
32
Posterior nucleus of vagus
Sensory and motor for organs supplied such as voice, heart, lung, and intestines in X CN
33
Nucleus ambiguus
Nerves Ix, X, Xi in delivery of visceral efferent fibers to the pharynx musculature
34
Solitary nucleus
Sensory reception via the VII, IX, X CNs dealing with taste from the tongue, palate and pharynx
35
Main and spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
Main sensory reception nucleus for the face dealing with pain, thermal, discriminative tactile and proprioception-> C3-C4 cord levels-> CN VII, IX, X
36
Spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve
Somatic motor nucleus for movement of head/neck muscles (trap and SCM)-> 5 upper cervical cord levels and lower MO
37
Notes on the corticobulbar fibers
1. pyramidal fibers
2. cell bodies in cerebral cortex
3. synapse in spinal cord
38
Notes of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
1. another tract
| 2. similar to fasciculus proprius
39
What is the artery that is involved in "lateral medullary stroke syndrome"?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
40
*The pons contains nuclei for CNs ___
V, VI, VII, VIII
41
Function of the pons
Respiratory and cardiovascular control
42
What is the tract found in the pons?
Medial reticulospinal tracts
43
*What are the external features of the pons?
1. bulge
2. superior pontine sulcus
3. medullopontine sulcus
4. basilar sulcus
5. rhomboid fossa
6. *middle cerebellar peduncle
7. *apparent origin of CN V
44
What are the subdivisions of the pons?
1. tegmentum
| 2. basilar
45
*Important features of the pons?
1. medial lemniscus
2. pontine nuclei
3. lateral lemniscus-> auditory pathway
4. CNs V-VII
5. tracts- spinal trigeminal, spinothalamic, rubrospinal, tectospinal
46
*What are functions of the cerebellum?
1. integrates sensory information
| 2. muscle tone, posture, smooth and effective skilled movements
47
*Output from the cerebellum is ___
Indirect
48
*The cerebellum is attached to the:
MO via the ___
Pons via the ___
Midbrain via the ___
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Superior cerebellar peduncle
49
Inferior peduncle distribution in the cerebellum
1. afferents dominate
| 2. efferents are present
50
Middle peduncle distribution in the cerebellum
1. afferents only
51
Superior peduncle distribution in the cerebellum
1. afferents present
| 2. efferents dominate
52
Which is the largest cerebellar peduncle?
Middle
53
20% of childhood brain tumors are ___
Medulloblastomas
54
Synonym of vestibulocerebellum
Archicerebellum
55
Lobe of vestibulocerebellum
Flocculonodular
56
Inputs of vestibulocerebellum
Vestibular nucleus
57
Functions of vestibulocerebellum
Posture, balance, equilibrium
58
Synonym of spinocerebellum
Paleocerebellum
59
Lobe of spinocerebellum
Anterior, vermis, medial posterior
60
Inputs of spinocerebellum
Spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar
61
Functions of spinocerebellum
Muscle tone, trunk and limb movements
62
Synonym of cerebrocerebellum
Neocerebellum
63
Lobe of cerebrocerebellum
Lateral posterio
64
Inputs of cerebrocerebellum
Cortico-pontocerebellar
65
Functions of cerebrocerebellum
Planning and coordination of skilled movements
66
White matter in the cerebellum is called ___
"Corpus medullare"
67
Branches of white matter in the cerebellum is called ___
Arbor vitae
68
3 external features on the cerebellum
1. fissures
2. sulci
3. folia
69
Most common neuron cell types in the cerebellum
1. purkinje neurons
2. Golgi type II neurons
3. stellate neurons
4. basket neurons
5. granular neurons
70
3 laminae of the cerebellum
1. outer (molecular layer)- synaptic activity
2. middle (purkinje cell body layer)
3. inner (granular layer)- granular cell bodies
71
2 types of axons that bring input to cerebellar cortical laminae
1. mossy fibers
| 2. climbing fibers
72
___ fibers take messages away from the cerebellar cortex
Purkinje
73
Purkinje cell dendrites are in the ___ layer
Molecular
74
*Myelinated Pukinje axons are the only ___ fibers from the cerebellar cortex
Efferent (outgoing)
75
*What is the neurotransmitter released by Purkinje axons?
GABA-> inhibitory
76
*Granular cell dendrites are stimulated by incoming ___
Mossy fibers
77
*Pathway of granular cells
1. ascends into molecular layer
2. bifurcates
3. synapses with the spine branches
78
*What is the neurotransmitter of granular cells?
Glutamate
79
*Mossy fibers mostly originate from ___ and ___ sources
Spinocerebellar and corticopontocerebellar
80
*What cells are excitatory and releases glutamate?
Mossy fibers
81
What 2 fibers synapse on the branches of Purkinje fibers?
1. mossy fibers
| 2. climbing fibers
82
*What fibers are extremely excitatory and reach smooth dendritic branches directly?
Climbing fibers
83
*Climbing fibers originate in the ___
Inferior olivary nucleus
84
*___ is the neurotransmitter involved with climbing fibers
Aspartate
85
Aspartate is ___ excitatory than glutamate
More
86
*Climbing and mossy fibers bring excitatory outside input to the ___
Cortex
87
*Information leaves the cerebellum via ___
Purkinje neurons
88
*The major target for inhibitory outflow is the ___
Deep or central cerebellar nuclei
89
*Names of the central nuclei
1. dentate
2. emboliform
2. globose
4. fastigial
90
*What is the name for the emboli form and globose together?
Interposed nuclei
91
Vestibulocerebellum goes to the ___
Vestibular nucleus
92
Spinocerebellum goes to the ___
Interposed and fasatigial nucleus
93
Cerebrocerebellum goes to the ___
Dentate nucleus
94
*Fastigial nucleus fibers exit the ___ to terminate in the vestibular nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduncles;
95
*Interposed nucleus axons extend to the red nucleus and reticular formations via the ___
Superior cerebellar peduncles
96
*Dentate axons reach the thalamus with branches being sent to the red nucleus via the ___
Superior cerebellar peduncles
97
Where is ataxia most frequent in?
Neocerebellum
98
What is intention tremor?
Precise movement of the digits, limbs-> neocerebellar lobe
99
What is dysmetria?
Measured movements are difficult to make- over or undershoot your target
100
What is nystagmus?
Repetitive jerking movements of they eyeballs
