EXAM 3 chapter 12

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual

Question 2

attribution

Answer 2

In an internal, or dispositional, attribution, people infer that an event or a person’s behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. In an external, or situational, attribution, people infer that a person’s behavior is due to situational factors

Question 3

fundamental attribution error

Answer 3

our tendency to explain someone’s behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, and to underestimate the influence that external factors, such as situational influences, have on another person’s behavior

Question 4

actor-observer bias/self-serving bias

Answer 4

a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes, while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

Question 5

stereotype

Answer 5

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

Question 6

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true. In other words, an expectation about a subject, such as a person or event, can affect our behavior towards that subject, which causes the expectation to be realized

Question 7

prejudice

Answer 7

an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group. For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender etc. (e.g. sexist)

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli

Question 9

modern racism

Answer 9

a coherent belief system that reflects an underlying unidimensional prejudice towards black people in the united states

Question 10

attitude

Answer 10

evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people. attitudes can be positive or negative

Question 11

explicit attitude

Answer 11

conscious

Question 12

implicit attitude

Answer 12

unconscious

Question 13

mere exposure effect

Answer 13

people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle

Question 14

socialization

Answer 14

the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society

Question 15

cognitive dissonance

Answer 15

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change

Question 16

post-decisional dissonance

Answer 16

a form of regret, a worry that perhaps we didn’t make the best choice

Question 17

social facilitation

Answer 17

the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone

Question 18

social loafing

Answer 18

the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

Question 19

deindividualization

Answer 19

a loss in individual identity when a person is in a group

Question 20

group polarization

Answer 20

the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members

Question 21

groupthink

Answer 21

a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

Question 22

conformity

Answer 22

behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards

Question 23

normative influence

Answer 23

a type of social influence leading to conformity

Question 24

informational influence

Answer 24

social proof. a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation

Question 25

compliance

Answer 25

the action or fact of complying with a wish or command

Question 26

obedience

Answer 26

compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority

Question 27

foot-in-the-door

Answer 27

a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request

Question 28

door-in-the-face

Answer 28

the persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face

Question 29

lowballing

Answer 29

an item or service is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits

Question 30

aggression

Answer 30

a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, other or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centers on harming another person, either physically or mentally

Question 31

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 31

the state that emerges when circumstances interfere with a goal response, often leads to aggression

Question 32

prosocial

Answer 32

relating to or denoting behavior that is positive, helpful, and intended to promote social acceptance and friendship

Question 33

altruism

Answer 33

the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others

Question 34

reciprocal helping/altruism

Answer 34

a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time

Question 35

bystander effect/apathy

Answer 35

a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present

Question 36

asch study

Answer 36

conformity experiment

Question 37

two types of prosocial behavior

Answer 37

egoistic helping and altruistic helping