Exam 3: chapter 13 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Sex
biologically based and determined by genetics (presence of Y chromosome on 23rd pair of chromosomes) and indicated by genitals
Gender
socially based and determined by socialization and roles the individual adopts
Gender Stereotypes
broad, generalized judgments of the activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics deemed appropriate for males or females in a given culture
Androgens
most common is testosterone
Estrogens
most common is estradiol
Progestins
most common is progesterone
Testosterone levels are related to what type of behavior?
Testosterone levels are related to “rowdy”(antisocial) behavior in both men and women more strongly than to aggressive behavior
relationship between testosterone and aggression
The relationship between testosterone & aggression may be that aggression raises the level of testosterone
at what age can male and female faces be distinguished from one another?
3 months, Gradual increases in recognition abilities for different gender associations
at what age is one able to have some understanding of their own sex
18 months
at what age is one able to label their own sex
2-2.5 years old
Gender Development in Childhood
- Early childhood: tend to hold rigid beliefs about how boys and girls should act
- Knowledge of their own gender influences preferences for toys, activities, and playmates
- Continuity in gender beliefs
Gender Intensification
young adolescents become increasingly sensitive to gender stereotypes and their behavior is likely to adhere to gender stereotypes
Gender Identity
individuals’ identification with the masculine or feminine gender role
– Tend to become more androgynous over time
Androgyny
integrating masculine and feminine characteristics
– Linked with positive adjustment
Parental Imperative
the need for mothers and fathers to adopt different roles in order to successfully raise children
Gender Identity
awareness of whether one is a boy
or a girl
Gender Stability
understanding that gender does not change over time
Gender Constancy
understanding that gender does not change, that he or she will always be the same regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes
Gender Schema
a concept or mental structure that organizes gender-related information and embodies the understanding of what it means to be male or female
Gender Schema Theory
a cognitive explanation of gender role development that emphasizes information processing and environmental influences
Gender Typing
process by which children acquire gender role norms
Gender Role Norms
normative expectations for males and females that are applied to individuals’ everyday behavior
Development of stereotypes in children begins at what age
3 years old, Starts with one’s own sex, then generalizes
Between 8 – 10, children’s judgments of both genders tend to be stereotyped
