Exam 3 - Class Trematoda

Question 1

The phylum _____ includes ______ animals called _____

Answer 1

Platyhelminthes
dorsoventrally flat
flatworms

Question 2

Typically Platyhelminthe members are:

Answer 2

bilaterally symmetrical
triploblastic
acoelomate
cephalized
incomplete or no gut

Question 3

3 systems that are usually absent in Platyhelminthes

Answer 3

Skeletal, circulatory, and respiratory

Question 4

the space between body wall and internal organs is filled with:

Answer 4

connective tissue and muscle fibers

called parenchyma

Question 5

2 parasitic classes of Platyhelminthes

Answer 5

Trematoda (flukes) & Cestoda (tapeworms)

Question 6

Adult trematodes are parasites of:

Answer 6

inverts & verts, incl. humans

Question 7

Trematodes may inhabit:

Answer 7

intestinal tract, bile ducts, liver, gall bladder, lungs, blood vessels, pancreatic duct, ureter and urinary bladder

Question 8

Diagnostic features of trematodes include:

Answer 8

presence of ecto- and endoparasitic forms, with incomplete gut

have complex heteroxenous life cycles involving at least one intermediate host, a gastropod (snail)

body wall is covered by thick cuticle

with suckers, usually around the mouth and on ventral surface

Question 9

_____ is the outermost covering of the trematode’s body

Answer 9

Tegument

Question 10

_____ is synonymous with ____, it is a tough, resistant structure

Answer 10

Tegument

Cuticle

Question 11

Tegument is syncytial, which means:

Answer 11

it is multinucleated, without cell boundaries between nuclei

Question 12

Outer portion of the tegument forms the ______, its covered by cell membrane on surface and extends inside to the _____

Answer 12

distal cytoplasm

basal lamina

Question 13

glycocalyx

Answer 13

is linked with the plasma membrane and is a surface coat

Question 14

Glycocalyx functions:

Answer 14

attachment to host
protection from antibodies and digestive enzymes
uptake & storage of vital molecules from the environment

Question 15

Proximal cytoplasm

Answer 15

=cyton region

is the inner zone of the tegument and connected to the distal region by cytoplasmic bridges

Question 16

Proximal cytoplasm consists of

Answer 16

nuclei

cell organelles like the ER, golgi body, mitochondria, etc.

Question 17

________ responsible for the _____ maintenance

Answer 17

Proximal cytoplasm

tegument’s

Question 18

Muscle layers include:

Answer 18

circular, longitudinal, and diagonal muscles

Question 19

Tegument Functions:

Answer 19

protection
nutrient absorption
synthesis and secretion of various nutrients
excretion 
osmoregulation
sensory role

Question 20

Of all organ systems, the ________ is the one that is most highly developed in platyhelminthes

Answer 20

reproductive system

Question 21

Trematodes are _________ or __________

Answer 21

Monoecious

Hermaphroditic

Question 22

Self fertilization

Answer 22

Does NOT occur`

Question 23

protandryorandrogyny

Answer 23

The male organs tend to mature first and produce sperm that are stored until needed

Question 24

protogyny or gyandry

Answer 24

In a few free-living species, the ovary matures first

Question 25

Male Reproductive System:

Answer 25

``` Usually two testes vas efferens vas deferens seminal vesicle (storage) ejaculatory duct cirrus (penis) ```

Question 26

penis

Answer 26

cirrus

Question 27

Sperm pathway

Answer 27

``` Testis Vas efferens Vas deferens Cirrus sac (with seminal vesicle and prostate gland) Cirrus ```

Question 28

Female reproductive organs:

Answer 28

``` Single ovary with an oviduct, a seminal receptacle a pair of vitelline glands with ducts the ootype Mehlis’ gland ```

Question 29

seminal receptacle:

Answer 29

sperm storage

Question 30

vitelline glands with ducts

Answer 30

yolk and egg-shell production)

Question 31

ootype

Answer 31

chamber where eggs are formed

Question 32

Mehlis’ gland

Answer 32

lubricates uterus for egg passage

Question 33

Laurer’s canal

Answer 33

Vestigial vagina Present in come but not all serves as an outlet of excess sperm

Question 34

Metraterm

Answer 34

helps propel the eggs out of the uterus.

Question 35

During copulation, _____ is inserted into ____ and sperms are ejaculated

Answer 35

cirrus metraterm

Question 36

operculum

Answer 36

Lid like structure in eggs Allows miracidium to hatch

Question 37

Eggs house:

Answer 37

Developing miracidium

Question 38

Hatching occurs only under certain conditions of:

Answer 38

pH, light, and temperature

Question 39

Life cycle generic:

Answer 39

Egg --> Miracidium --> Sporocyst --> Redia --> Cercaria --> Adult

Question 40

Miracidium is

Answer 40

free swimming and ciliated

Question 41

Sporocyst

Answer 41

present in 1st intermediate host

Question 42

Cercaria

Answer 42

Free swimming and enters 2nd intermediate host

Question 43

Sexual cycle in:

Answer 43

Definitive host

Question 44

Asexual cycle in:

Answer 44

Gastropod

Question 45

Within ____ hrs miracidium must find a suitable gastropod

Answer 45

24

Question 46

Upon entry into snail:

Answer 46

penetrates the snail’s integument, sheds its ciliated epidermis, and metamorphoses into primary sporocyst stage

Question 47

The most common site of development of sporocysts is:

Answer 47

around the digestive gland

Question 48

Unlike sporocysts, rediae have functional _____

Answer 48

gut/pharynx

Question 49

primary sporocysts may produce:

Answer 49

other secondary sporocysts or primary rediae asexually

Question 50

Rediae give rise to a tailed ____ larva

Answer 50

cercaria

Question 51

______ escapes from the gastropod, swims freely but do not feed and can either find a _________ or attach to vegetation, lose its tail and encyst to become a _______

Answer 51

Cercaria second intermediate host metacercaria

Question 52

Apical papilla

Answer 52

Retractable non ciliated anterior tip glands secrete degradative enzymes

Question 53

Some sporocysts change the morphology or the behavior of their hosts

Answer 53

bird trematode has colorfully banded and pulsating sporocysts, which reside in snail’s tentacles

Question 54

The transformation from miracidium to sporocyst involves

Answer 54

disappearance of all the structures except the protonephridia

Question 55

procrusculi or ambulatory bud

Answer 55

stumpy appendages that facilitate movement

Question 56

redia migrate towards

Answer 56

snail digestive gland

Question 57

If sporocysts give rise to daughter sporocysts, the latter give rise directly to:

Answer 57

cercariae and rediae are not formed

Question 58

parasitic castration

Answer 58

some larval parasites secrete chemicals that inhibit the development of the snail reproductive system

Question 59

The transformation from miracidium to sporocyst involves disappearance of all the structures except the _____

Answer 59

protonephridia

Question 60

cercaria have following structures:

Answer 60

``` Mouth oral sucker pharynx intestine ventral sucker genital primordium ```

Question 61

genital primordium

Answer 61

mass of cells that develop into reproductive system

Question 62

glands involved in penetration

Answer 62

penetration and mucoid glands,

Question 63

escape glands

Answer 63

contents are expelled during the emergence of the cercaria from the snail host

Question 64

preacetabular gland’s

Answer 64

secretion contains calcium and a variety of enzymes including a protease

Question 65

postacetabular glands

Answer 65

produce mucus and help the cercaria to adhere to surfaces

Question 66

the “dormant” stage between the cercaria and the adult

Answer 66

Metacercaria

Question 67

When the free-swimming _____ locates ________ or penetrates a _________ host, it sheds the tail and encysts

Answer 67

cercaria suitable vegetation 2o intermediate

Question 68

This stage may also allow survival over unfavorable periods, such as the absence of the definitive host during a particular season

Answer 68

Metacercaria

Question 69

Once the metacercaria has reached its definitive host:

Answer 69

it excysts and then undergoes migration, growth, and eventually gamete production

Question 70

If the species does not have a metacercaria:

Answer 70

the cercaria penetrates the definitive host directly (schistosomes)