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Physiology 1 > Exam 3 CVS 5-8 > Flashcards

Exam 3 CVS 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the ventricles is defined by 3 factors:

A
  1. stroke volume
  2. ejection fraction
  3. cardiac output
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2
Q

The volume of blood ejected on one ventricular contraction

A

Stroke volume

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3
Q

stroke volume is the difference between:

A

the volume of blood in the ventricles before ejection and the volume remaining after ejection

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4
Q

the fraction of the end diastolic volume that is ejected on one stroke volume

A

ejection fraction

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5
Q

the inc. or dec. in ejection fraction reflects and inc. or dec. in ______

A

contractility

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6
Q

the total volume of blood ejected per unit time

A

CO

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7
Q

4 factors that affect CO:

A
  1. body metabolism
  2. exercise
  3. age
  4. body size
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8
Q

Cardiac output can be increased if ____ or ____ are increased

A

SV; HR

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9
Q

three things that affect stroke volume:

A
  1. Preload
  2. contractility
  3. afterload
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10
Q

If end-diastolic volume increases then SV will_____

A

increase

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11
Q

If end systolic volume is decreased then SV will____

A

increase

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12
Q

The workload imposed on the heart before contraction begins

A

Preload

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13
Q

what are the 2 factors that determine preload?

A
  1. diastolic filling

2. venus return

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14
Q

what is another term for preload?

A

end diastolic volume

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15
Q

What does the frank-starlin mechanism state?

A

the volume of the blood ejected by the ventricles depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole

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16
Q

The pumping ability of the ventricle

A

contractility/ inotropism

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17
Q

an increase in contractility leads to a/an ______ in stroke volume

A

increase

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18
Q

an increase in contractility leads to a/an ______ in systolic volume

A

Decrease

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19
Q

what are 2 extrinsic factors that have a positive ionotropic effect? (inc. contractility)

A
  1. sympathetic stimulation

2. cathecolamines

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20
Q

how doe epi and norepi stimulate an inc. in contratility?

A

stimulation of Beta 1 receptors to inc. Ca flow

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21
Q

the resistance that the ventricles must overcome to empty its content?

A

Afterload

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22
Q

what is the afterload for the L ventricle?

A

Aortic pressure

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23
Q

An inc. in afterload will cause a/an ______ in ionotropy (contractility)

How?

A

increase, catecolamines

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24
Q

sympathetic stimulation increases or decreased HR?

A

increases

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25
When HR increases, contractility _______
increases
26
Inc. in preload causes stroke volume to _____
Inc.
27
Inc in contractility causes SV to ______
Inc
28
Dec. in afterload causes SV to _____
Inc
29
what are the 3 major divisions of the circulatory system?
1. distribution system 2. perfusion/exchange system 3. collecting system
30
What makes up the distribution system?
Ventricles, arteries, arterioles
31
What makes up the perfusion/exchange system?
capillaries
32
What makes up the collecting system?
Venules, veins, atria
33
transports blood under high pressure to tissues
Arteries
34
the last, smallest branches of the arterial system?
arterioles
35
Site of the highest resistance to blood flow
Arterioles
36
What 2 types of receptors can be found in the arterioles?
Alfa-1 adrenergic; Beta-2 adrenergic
37
What do the ALFA-1 receptors in the arterioles do when stimulated
cause contraction of the smooth muscle
38
What do the beta-2 receptors in the arterioles do when stimulated?
relaxation of smooth muscle
39
Exchange fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other stuff between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Capillaries
40
collect blood from the capillaries and gradually coalesce into progressively larger veins
venules
41
function as conduits to transport the blood from the venules back to the heart
veins
42
serves as a major reservoir for extra blood
veins
43
what prevents blood from flowing in the reveres direction in veins?
valves
44
how long does blood stay in capillaries?
1-3 sec.
45
As cross section increases, blood flow____
Dec.
46
blood flow through a blood vessel depends on 2 factors:
1. pressure diff. (betw. 2 ends of vessel) | 2. resistance
47
what determines the direction of BF?
direction of pressure gradient
48
What does Poiseuille Equation tell us?
the relationship between resistance, blood vessel diameter, and blood viscosity
49
The volume of blood the vessel can hold at a given pressure
compliance/capacitance
50
Is the compliance of veins high or low?
High
51
What is included in central circulation?
R heart + Pulmonary circuit + L heart
52
The amplitued of pressure pulsations in an artery
Pulse pressure
53
is pulmonary circulation a Low/High pressure circulation
Low
54
Is systemic circulation a Low/High pressure circulation
High
55
The pressure at the top of each pressure pulsation
systolic pressure
56
the highest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle
systolic pressure
57
The pressure in the arteries after blood has been ejected from the L ventricle
Systolic pressure
58
closing of the aortic valve- a brief period of retrograde flow
incisura
59
The pressure at the lowest point of each pulse
Diastolic pressure
60
the lowest arterial pressure
Diastolic pressure
61
the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation
diastolic pressure
62
The diff. between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
63
The average pressure in a complete cardiac cycle
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
64
Why does MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure?
B/c a greater fraction of each cardiac cycle is spent in diastole
65
Pressure that continuously drives blood into the tissues over the course of the cardiac cycle?
MAP
66
what monitors MAP?
blood pressure reflexes
67
The resistance of the systemic circ.
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
68
T/F arterial pressure in systemic circ. is lower than venous pressure
F. Venous pressure is lower than arterial pressure
69
What is another name for central venous pressure (CVP)
R atrial pressure
70
the central venous pressure is regulated by:
1. ability of heart to pump blood out of the R atrium and ventricle to the lungs 2. tendency for blood to flow from the peripheral veins to the R atrium
71
3 Factors that inc. CVP
1. inc. blood volume 2. inc. in large vessel tone 3. dilation of the arterioles ANYTHING THAT CAN INC. VENOUS RETURN!
72
What are the 2 factors that regulate MAP?
1. Baroreceptor reflex | 2. RAAS
73
A fast, neurally mediated reflex that attempts to keep arterial pressure constant via changes in the output of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Baroreceptor reflex
74
A hormonal system that regulates MAP primarily by regulating blood volume
RAAS
75
Where are baroreceptors located?
in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch
76
Baroreceptors are sensitive to ______
pressure or stretch
77
the baroreceptor reflex is a reflex arc composed by what 4 things:
1. Receptors for BP 2. Afferent neurons 3. Brain stem centers 4. efferent neurons
78
T/F RAAS is quicker than the Baroreceptor reflex in controlling MAP
F. slower
79
What activates RAAS?
Dec. in MAP
80
What are the 5 steps of RAAS?
1. Dec in MAP stimulates kidney to produce renin 2. Renin causes angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I 3. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in lungs 4. Angiotensin II stimulates Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone 5. Aldosterone inc. blood volume
81
How does aldosterone, produced during RAAS, increase blood volume
increases sodium, chloride, and water absorption excretion of K+
82
AngiotensinII acts on the hypothalamus to do what?
Inc. thirst and produce ADH
83
Name 4 other mechanisms that also aid in regulating MAP?
1. chemoreceptors for O2 2. chemoreceptors for CO2 3. ADH 4. Atrial natriuretic peptide
84
where are peripheral receptors for O2 located?
carotid and aortic bodies
85
What is the primary function of the chemoreceptors for O2 located in the carotid and aortic bodies?
control of breathing
86
Cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors located in the veins, atria and pulmonary arteries
cardopulmonary volume receptors
87
what do cardopulmonary volume receptors do?
sense changes in volume
88
The response to an inc. in blood volume includes what 4 actions?
1. inc. secretion of ANP 2. dec. secretion of ADH 3. Renal vasodilation 4. inc HR

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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