Exam 3 Lec 14 Flashcards
define what a virulence factor is
they are cellular structures that: -help bacteria colonize humans -" " evade immune response -" " inhibit immune response -" " enter in/out of cells =" " obtain nutrients from host
what are some specific examples from class that virulence factors allow?
- bacterial attachment to mammalian cells
- polysaccharide capsules that surround pneumococcus and Pseudomonas and prevent phagocytosis
- allow toxins to be produced or released from gram-positive/negative bacteria
what are the three types of toxins called that are produced by bacteria?
exotoxins
endotoxins
enterotoxins
what type of bacteria secrete exotoxins and what do exotoxins do?
gram-positive bacteria
-destroys mammalian cells or disrupt cellular function
what type of bacteria have endotoxins? what is it? what does it do? when would it be secreted?
- gram-negative
- a lipopolysaccharide component of the bacterial cell wall
- contributes to septic or endotoxic shock
- secreted upon death of bacteria
what secretes enterotoxins?
what bacteria produces a potent enterotoxin and what is the result?
- molecules that cause food poisoning and diarrhea
- E coli causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death
what are two examples of exotoxins which we have developed vaccines to protect against?
diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin
staphylococcal, cholera, and clostridia are all examples of bacteria that produce which type of toxin?
enterotoxins
what do adjuvants do when implemented into vaccines?
they stimulate systemic immunity and cause a slow release of antigen to continuously stimulate the immune system for a long period of time
what do mucosal adjuvants do?
they complex with the antigen and deliver it to M cells which transport the antigen into the lymphatic area
what are aluminum salts? what are they used in? what do they do?
systemic adjuvants which are used in vaccines to stimulate systemic immunity
what vaccines use aluminum salts?
DPT, pneumococcal, hep A, papilloma, anthrax, and rabies
the vaccine containing Freund’s adjuvants contains what dead bacterium? which type of adjuvant is it?
tuberculosis
systemic adjuvant
muramyl peptides are a systemic adjuvant which contain what?
a Mycobacterium cell wall fragment
what is a monophosphoryl lipid A? what type of adjuvant is it? which vaccine is it found in?
a detoxified endotoxin lipid
it is a mucosal adjuvant found in hep B vaccines
