Lec 15/16

Question 1

what are some specific examples of biologics?

Answer 1

therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines

Question 2

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) is an antibody synthesized from:

a. multiple copies of A-lymphocytes or stem cells
b. a single clone of B-lymphocytes or plasma cells
c. a single clone of B-lymphocytes or stem cells
d. fused and unfused cells produced by hybridomas

Answer 2

b

Question 3

Type 1 IFN-a is produced by what cell?

Answer 3

lymphocytes

Question 4

Type 1 IFN-b is produced by what cell?

Answer 4

fibroblasts

Question 5

Type 2 IFN-y is produced by what cell?

Answer 5

lymphocytes

Question 6

which cytokine plays a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 6

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 7

which two monoclonal antibodies bind to TNF to neutralize it?

a. Marbunimab
b. Infliximab
c. Galiximab
d. Rastibilimab
e. Etanercept
f. Adalimumab

Answer 7

b, f

Question 8

Cryopyrin-Associated Period Symptom (CAPS) is caused by the overproduction of which cytokine?
what is CAPS?

Answer 8

IL-1b

inflammatory reactions with rashes, fevers or chills, redness of eyes, joint pain, and adolescent deafness

Question 9

what is Rilonacept? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?

Answer 9

a fusion protein containing the IL-1 receptor
binds and neutralizes IL-1
Anti-inflamm
CAPS

Question 10

what is Canakinumab? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?

Answer 10

a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at IL-1β
blocks effects of IL-1β
Anti-inflamm
CAPS

Question 11

what is Anakinra? what does it do?
Drug class?
What does it treat?

Answer 11

an IL-1 receptor antagonist
blocks intracellular signaling
Immunosuppressant
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 12

what does radiation therapy do for immunosupression?

Answer 12

suppresses stem cells in bone marrow

Question 13

which drugs are glucocorticoids that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?

Answer 13

prednisone and methylprednisolone

Question 14

which drugs are Calcineurin/mTOR Inhibitors that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?

Answer 14

Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, and rapamycin

Question 15

which drugs are Antimetabolites that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant?

Answer 15

azathioprine and mycophenolate

Question 16

how do corticosteroids suppress T cells?

Answer 16

prevent cytokine production

Question 17

how do corticosteroids suppress B cells?

Answer 17

prevent binding of interleukins to B cells

Question 18

how do corticosteroids suppress neutrophils?

Answer 18

inhibit adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and release of toxic substances

Question 19

how do corticosteroids suppress macrophages?

Answer 19

makes them less able to do phagocytosis

Question 20

corticosteroids decrease production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2, what does this do?

Answer 20

decreases production of pro-inflammatory metabolites

Question 21

how do Glucocorticoids help with covid-19?

Answer 21

they manage inflammation in the lungs and reduce progression of respiratory failure

Question 22

what effect does cyclosporine have on T cells?
as a reminder, what does IL-2 do?
thus, what resulting impact does cyclosporine have on T cells?

Answer 22

inhibits antigen-triggered signal transduction to prevent expression of lymphokines such as IL-2
T-cell proliferation
prevents T-cell proliferation

Question 23

cyclosporine increases expression of transforming

growth factor β (TGF-β). what is this?

Answer 23

a potent inhibitor of IL-2

Question 24

what effect does tacrolimus have on T cells?

Answer 24

it has an identical effect to cyclosporine with a different mechanism of action

Question 25

what effect does rapamycin have on T cells? | what enzyme does it bind to and why is it important towards its effect on T cells?

Answer 25

inhibits activation and proliferation | mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which inhibits it to prevent proliferation

Question 26

what effect does everolimus have on T cells?

Answer 26

it has an identical effect to rapamycin

Question 27

what is azathioprine used for?

Answer 27

kidney transplants and rheumatoid arthritis

Question 28

what effect does Mycophenolate have on lymphocytes?

Answer 28

inhibits proliferation

Question 29

what is Belatacept? | it prevents T cell activation by mimicking CTLA4, why is this important?

Answer 29

drug used to prevent organ rejection in adult kidney transplant patients by mimicking CTLA4 it inhibits activation of T cells which would occur due to organ rejection. In short, T cells do not get activated since drug makes them unaware that the transplanted organ is foreign to the body

Question 30

What does cyclosporine treat?

Answer 30

Organ transplant rejection and rheumatoid arthritis

Question 31

What are Everolimus and rapamycin used for?

Answer 31

Prevent rejection after kidney transplant